Alternative Fuels Bioderived Fuels Vegetable Oil

1
Alternative FuelsBio-derived FuelsVegetable
Oil
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What is Vegetable Oil?

• Vegetable Oil any of a large group of oils that
  are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, obtained
  from the leaves, fruit, or seeds of plants
  
• Besides having traditional uses in cooking,
  vegetable oil products include lubricants and
  coatings
  
• Also used as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals,
  plastics, adhesives, and soaps

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Vegetable Oil as a Fuel

• Increased concern regarding the worlds
  addiction to oil has raised interest in
  alternative fuel options, including bio-derived
  fuel and the direct use of vegetable oils

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Vegetable Fuel Oil Defined

• SVO (Straight Vegetable Oil) - fuel for diesel
  engines that can be either pure new vegetable oil
  or waste vegetable oil.
  
• WVO (Waste Vegetable Oil) - vegetable oil from
  the food industry that has become unfit for food
  preparation
  
• PPO (Pure Plant Oil) unmodified vegetable oil,
  also RVO (Raw Vegetable Oil)
  

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Forms of SVO

• SVO can be produced or obtained through several
  methods
  
• Industrial Sources Most restaurants and
  organizations that produce WVO have to pay for
  disposal, therefore they are willing to give
  their waste for free
• Agricultural Sources PPO can be produced from
  crops in the agricultural sector
  
• Rapeseed Oil
• Mustard Seed Oil
• Sunflower Seed Oil

http//www.alternative-energy-news.info/recycling-
waste-vegetable-oil-easy/

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Agricultural Sources (contd)

• Rapeseed production is the most prevalent process
  in Europe
  
• Seed is grown and harvested
• Pressed for oil
• Oil is then filtered for impurities
• Production is constrained by harvest area,
  agriculture market demand, and other agricultural
  limitations

http//www.jrc.es/home/report/english/articles/vol
74/TRA1E746.htm

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SVO as a Diesel Substitute

• The main interest in SVO is as a substitute fuel
  for diesel engines
  
• Two Types of Diesel Engines
• Direct Injection (DI) fuel is injected directly
  into the combustion chamber
  
• Indirect Injection (IDI) fuel is injected into
  a pre-chamber, or swirl chamber before being
  injected into the combustion chamber

http//journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_svo.htmlgui
de

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SVO and DI vs IDI

• Better results with SVO and diesel engines are
  normally found with Indirect Injection
  
• Less air to fuel ratio needed
• Lower pollutant emission
• Injection pressure is lower
• Pre-chamber helps pre-heat the fuel

http//journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_svo.html2ta
nk And http//www.boulderbiodiesel.com/tom/Diese
l101/4

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SVO Properties

• Compared to other Fuels, SVO has
• Higher Viscosity
• Higher Cloud Point
• Higher Pour Point Temperature
• Greater reactivity to oxygen
• Higher Boiling Point

http//www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/
clean_cities_SVOpaper.pdf

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SVO Properties (contd)
http//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_obArticleUR
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Viscosity (contd)
http//www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e08.htm
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Performance of SVO in Diesel Engines

• Short-term engine performance and emissions are
  acceptable
  
• Long-term Effects
• Receding engine performance caused by the high
  viscosity and boiling point of SVO compared to
  diesel fuel
  
• High viscosity affects the flow of the fuel
  through the engine, causing build-up of carbon
  deposits throughout the system. These deposits
  affect fuel injectors, substantially reducing the
  performance of the engine.

http//www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/
clean_cities_SVOpaper.pdf

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Resources (US)

• 3 billion gallons of fryer oil annually
• Potentially 6 billion gallons of vegetable oil
  from cropland
  
• This is equal to approximately 15 of US diesel
  fuel usage annually
  
• Some studies show that 24 of US diesel fuel
  could be produced from vegetable oil
  

Tickell, Joshua. (2003). From the Fryer to the
Fuel Tank. Los Angeles Joshua Tickell Media
Productions.
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Environmental Impact

• Compared to Diesel fuel, SVO has
• Faster rate of biological degradation
• Lower pollutant emissions
• No pollutant effects in water
• Lower level of toxicity to humans

http//jatropha.org/p-o-engines/svo-bd-characteris
tics.htm

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Summary

• SVO has potential to be a significant renewable
  energy source
  
• Resources are prevalent
• Small ecological footprint
• Slight modifications to current technology are
  necessary
  
• New technology will be needed to ensure a cheap
  and effective future for SVO
  

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Works Cited

• vegetable oil. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged
  (v 1.0.1). Retrieved December 01, 2006, from
  Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.referenc
  e.com/browse/vegetable oil
• Tull, Delana. Edible and Useful Plants of Texas
  and the Southwest. 1987, Texas Monthly Press.
  
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_vegetable_oil
• http//www.jrc.es/home/report/english/articles/vol
  74/TRA1E746.htm
  
• http//journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_svo.htmlgui
  de
  
• http//www.boulderbiodiesel.com/tom/Diesel101/4
• http//journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_svo.html2ta
  nk
  

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Works Cited (contd)

• http//www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/
  clean_cities_SVOpaper.pdf
  
• http//www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e08.htm
• http//www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/
  clean_cities_SVOpaper.pdf
  
• Tickell, Joshua. (2003). From the Fryer to the
  Fuel Tank. Los Angeles Joshua Tickell Media
  Productions.
  
• http//jatropha.org/p-o-engines/svo-bd-characteris
  tics.htm