Feeds and Feeding

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Feeds and Feeding
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Feed Processing

• Any preparation of feed ingredient goes through
  prior to feeding

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Feed Efficiency

• Feed per pound of gain
• (Feed/ of gain)

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Feed Processing Methods

• Grinding
• Dry Rolling
• Steam Rolling
• Steam Flaking
• Pressure Flaking
• Exploding
• Extruding
• Roasting
• Popping

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Grinding

• Oldest
• Passing grain thru hammer mill
• Set screens varying degrees of fineness
• Dont want to find grind it
• Can cause impaction of the gut

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Dry Rolling

• Crushed/Cracked Product
• Grain is passed thru a roller mill
• Set space and pressure between rollers
• Rollers can be grooved (not a crimped product)

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Steam Rolling

• Crimping, Conventional
• Grain is exposed to steam for a short time
• 1 to 8 minutes then rolled
• Usually rolled thru grooved rollers causing
  crimping
• Steam produces a less brittle product, more
  intact

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Steam Rolling Continued

• Suppose to increase digestibility
• Offers little or no advantage in feed efficiency
  over grinding or dry rolling
• Usually not steamed long enough to make any
  difference. (Getting a dry rolled product at
  steam rolled price).

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Steam Flaking

• Steam treatment for 15-30 minutes
• Then the grain is passed thru a large, heavy
  almost zero tolerance roller mill.
• Produces a very thin, flat flake
• Causes gelatinization of start molecules
• Making it more digestible
• More expensive and elaborate machinery

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Pressure Flaking

• Grain exposed to steam under 50psi of pressure
  for about 1-2 minutes then rolled
• Will be less brittle than stem flaking
• Some claim it will increase digestibility
• Cost goes up

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Exploding

• Take raw grain and put it in a steel bottle
  live steam is injected until you get a pressure
  of about 250psi.
• After 20 seconds a valve is opened and the grain
  escapes as expanded balls with hull removed.
• Live Steam dangerous, colorless, super heated
  water vapor.

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Extruding

• Applies heat and pressure as grain passes over a
  tapered screw
• See in the swine industry

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Roasting

• Good palatability
• Grain passes thru a roaster
• End product that has a roasted odor, puffed, oily
  and caramelized appearance.
• Burned aroma or taste livestock wont eat.

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Popping

• Air-dry grain with 10-14 moisture is popped by
  heating it between 700 to 800 degrees for 30
  seconds.
• Milo and grain sorghum look like popping corn
• Mix it with a high moisture ration popped grain
  has little to no moisture

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Classes of Feed
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Roughages

• Is a feed that is mostly leaves and tender stems
  of the plants.
• Grass, hay, silage
• High in fiber, low in energy
• Higher than 18 fiber

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Concentrates

• Is a feed that is high in energy or protein.
• Grains molasses
• High in energy, low in fiber
• Less than 18 fiber
• Less than 20 crude protein

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Supplements

• Is a feed material high in a specific nutrient.
• Examples of Protein Supplements
• Soybeans, Cottonseed, Corn Gluten, Sunflower
  meal, rape seed, and coconut
• Protein is not as important to ruminants as it is
  for nonruminants.
• Salt and Mineral Blocks

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By-Products

• Plant animal processing
• Bread, turnip tops, potatoes, feather, meat,
  bone, blood meal, and tankage
• Crude protein varies

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Feed Analysis

• Is the process of determining the nutrients in a
  feedstuff or prepared mixed feed.
• Important in selecting the diets of animals to
  assure a balanced ration.

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Dry Matter

• Is the weight of feed materials after moisture
  has been removed.
• Feed quality is based on the proportion of water
  in feed.
• Silage has much higher water than Yellow Corn.

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Crude Protein

• Is the nitrogen content of feed multiplied by
  6.25.
• Feedstuffs with higher crude protein are
  typically more nutritious.

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Fat

• Determined by using an ether extract process.
• Fat is dissolved, remaining feed material is
  weighed and a percentage of fat is calculated.

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NPN

• Non-Protein Nitrogen
• Used by rumen microbes to synthesize protein.
• Urea, ammoniated molasses
• 45 N
• 28 crude protein
• 15 of total ration
• Increase energy content of ration

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Crude Protein Content

• Corn 8-9 CP any animal
• Milo 8-12 CP watch which animal
• Oats 11 CP
• Peanuts 10 CP
• Barley Grain 11-12 CP
• Cotton Seed Meal 38-41 CP
• Soybean Meal 44-48 CP
• Wheat 13 CP
• Coastal Bermuda Hay 7-18 CP

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Total Digestible Nutrients

• TDN
• Energy is stated as TDN
• Carbohydrates, fats, and some protein
• Energy is measured in calories
• Calories is the amount of heat needed to raise
  the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C.

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Calories

• Calories in feed are stated in kilocalories
  (kcal) or megacalorie (Mcal).
• kcal 1,000 calories
• Mcal 1 million calories

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Pearson Square

• Simple way to calculate a ration for a specific
  animal.
• Required Information
• Nutrient needs of the animal
• Nutrient content of feed.

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Steps

• Draw a 1to 2 inch square.
• Write percentage of crude protein in center.
• Write the feeds to be used in each left corner.
  Place of CP after name.
• Subtract the smaller number for the larger.
  Write answer in opposite corner

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Steps

• The numbers on right side are parts of feed. Add
  them together to get Total Parts.
• Percentage of each feed needed in the ration can
  be found by dividing the number of parts by the
  total parts.

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26.4 parts corn
Corn 8.9
Add to get Total Parts
18.0
Soybean Meal 44.4
9.1 parts soybean