Inclusion

1
Inclusion

• Social Competence
• Attitude Change

2
Inclusion

• Putting individuals in programs or activities
  for which they are not ready is cruel to keep
  them out of these programs and activities when
  they are ready and can participate is criminal
  (Stein, 1978)
• I like a number of adults employ a continuum
  of LRE placements in my life. I work and study
  in a fully integrated environment. When I
  compete I am in the realistically segregated
  environment of wheelchair basketball. When I
  recreate, I can be at almost any point in the LRE
  continuum (Yilla, 1994)

3
Federal Law

• Terms Inclusion or Mainstreaming
• LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)
• Burden of Proof
• 1. Schools must - document that supplementary
  aids and supports were tried for a reasonable
  amount of time and that these steps did not
  enable satisfactory education
• 2. Must document that the student did not
  benefit from mainstream placement (i.e. did not
  make reasonable progress toward IEP goals)
• 3. Must document that the presence of the
  student with the disability, even with
  supplementary aids and supports present, was so
  disruptive to the class that the safety and/or
  learning of other students was seriously impaired

4
Blocks Bandwagon (1999)

• Problems with Inclusion Movement
• Inclusion as a cause
• Program-Level Versus Child-Level Advocacy
• Inclusion Zealots
• Disregard for Student/Parental Preferences and
  Needs

5
Blocks Bandwagon (1999)

• How to make inclusion work
• Attitude
• Individualizing the Curriculum and Instruction
• Helping Children Feel They Belong
• Collaborative Planning
• Administrative Support and Resources

6
Social Acceptance

• Attitude Change

7
Social Acceptance

• In general social acceptance
• Repertoire of Social Skills
• Physical Attractiveness
• Competence in Areas Deemed Important by Peers
• Typical emphasis in physical education as a means
  of improving social acceptance
• Physical attractiveness
• Motor skills
• Fitness
• Research Suggests
• Specially Designed Curricula

8
Attitude Change

• Attitude
• Key to changing behaviors toward people who are
  different is attitudes
• Latin aptitude (meaning fitness or faculty),
  
• Attitudes indicate ones fitness or
  predisposition to either approach or avoid
  something
• Approaching or avoiding behaviors, in turn, evoke
  new attitudes about self and environment
• Attitudes may be directed toward different
  psychological objects self, other persons, a
  racial or ethnic group, religion, a disability,
  an undesired difference, exercise, physical
  activity, an idea, a behavior, or a situation
• The more global the object is, the more difficult
  it is to measure attitude toward it and plan
  change

9
Approaches to Attitude Change

• Contact Theory
• Persuasive Communication Theory
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Field of Ecological Theory
• Group Dynamics Theory
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Interpersonal Relations Theory
• Experiential and Observational Theory
• Social Learning and Social Cognitive Theory
• Theory of Reasoned Action
• Theory of Planned Behavior