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1
Best English Notes For IAS Prelims Paper 2 - VERB
(ADVANCE)

Best English Notes For IAS Prelims Paper 2 by Top
IAS Coaching Center

The English is an Important part of every
competitive exam. Reading English Grammar is the
first step to start preparations for this
section. Today I am providing my handmade grammar
book Notes and that too for free. This PPT is
easy to read and understand. We are providing you
some exam wise Study Notes on English Language.
Read and take note of all these facts related to
it then surely you will score well in all these
exams. This material will immensely help the
candidates preparing for following
exams Unlike reading from books, there is a
magic to reading from handwritten notes. English
Notes cover important topics of grammar and if
you remember that it is very important to take
notes while preparing for any competitive exams.
You can read the English grammar Notes sourced by
us. These hand written notes contain all
important topics in grammar for IAS and Other
exams. While these, notes are prepared keeping in
mind the needs of UPSC, we can ensure that they
can also be used for other exams like UPSC, SSC
or other Exams.
2
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VERB
Verbs are words that show an action, occurrence,
or state of being.
an action run, hit, travel
an event rain, occur
a situation be, seem, have
a change become, grow, develop
Eg He has completed his work.

VERB
Verbs can be divided into two types
Auxiliary verb/ Helping verb These are the verbs
that are used with the main verbs. Basically they
provide elaborate meaning to the sentence
Main verb The main verb is also called the
lexical verb or the principal verb. This term
refers to the important verb in the sentence, the
one that typically shows the action or state of
being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone,
or they can be used with a helping verb, also
called an auxiliary verb.

VERB (ADVANCE)
Main verb The main verb is also called the
lexical verb or the principal verb. This term
refers to the important verb in the sentence, the
one that typically shows the action or state of
being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone,
or they can be used with a helping verb, also
called an auxiliary verb.
I completed the work yesterday.
I have completed the work just now.

Main Verbs as Linking Verbs
As mentioned previously, main verbs arent always
action verbs. Sometimes they simply express a
subjects state of being. In these cases, the
main verbs are referred to as linking verbs since
they link the subject to information concerning
its state of being (referred to as a subject
complement). Consider the examples below
As a toddler, Susan was adorable.
Note that the main verb was does not express
Susans actions but her state of being (i.e.,
adorable).
Jennifer is a nurse at the local hospital.
Here, the main verb is links the subject
(Jennifer) to its complement, a nurse.
Linking Verb Tip It may be helpful to think of a
linking verb as an equal sign. If you can
substitute an equal sign for the main verb in a
sentence, and it makes sense, then the main verb
is a linking verb.

Linking Verbs
Keila is a shopaholic.
During the afternoon, my cats are content to nap
on the couch.
After drinking the old milk, Vladimir turned
green.
Irene always feels sleepy after pigging out on
pizza from Antonio's.
The following verbs are true linking verbs any
form of the verb be am, is, are, was, were, has
been, are being, might have been, etc., become,
and seem. These true linking verbs are always
linking verbs.
Then you have a list of verbs with multiple
personalities appear, feel, grow, look, prove,
remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes
these verbs are linking verbs sometimes they are
action verbs.

If you can substitute am, is, or are and the
sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking
verb on your hands.
If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no
sense, you are dealing with an action verb
instead. Here are some examples
Sylvia tasted the spicy stew.
Sylvia is the spicy stew. (Doesnt make any
sense)
Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this
sentence, something Sylvia is doing.
The stew tasted good.
The stew is good. (Gives the same meaning)
Hence tasted is a linking verb here.
I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and
papaya pizza baking in the oven. (action verb)
The pizza smells heavenly.(linking verb)

Types of Main Verbs
TRANSITIVE VERB
INTRANSITIVE VERB
FINITE VERB
NON- FINITE VERB
CAUSATIVE VERB

Types of Main Verbs
TRANSITIVE VERB A transitive verb is verb which
needs an object to give the sentence a complete
sense.
I want chocolates.
They attended the party.
Transitive verb answers what.

Types of Main Verbs
2. INTRANSITIVE VERB An intransitive verb is a
verb which may or may not necessarily need an
object to give the sentence a complete sense.
Birds fly.
John laughed loudly.
The keys disappeared.
Intransitive verb can also take an object after
it. But a preposition has to be used.
Birds fly in the sky.
John laughed at her loudly.

Examine the sentences
Ram has a broken chair.
Ram has broken a chair.
Ram has a chair broken.

Types of Main Verbs
3. Causative verbs (make , have, get )
Causative verbs are used in those sentences where
the subject of the sentence induces the object of
the sentence to do the verb . In short, we can
say that the subject doesnt do the work but gets
the work done by others.
Ram has a chair broken.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
Like human beings, zoo animals must have a
dentist _________ their teeth
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
Like human beings, zoo animals must have their
teeth _________
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
The man had his car_________ last week
To repair
Repaired
Have repaired
repair

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
Like human beings, zoo animals must have a
dentist _________ their teeth
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
Like human beings, zoo animals must have their
teeth _________
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
The man had his car_________ last week
To repair
Repaired
Have repaired
repair

Causative verb HAVE object is the doer
--------------- use V1(first form of the verb)
Causative verb HAVE object is not the doer
---------- use V3(Third form of the verb)

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
Like human beings, zoo animals must get a dentist
_________ their teeth
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
Like human beings, zoo animals must get their
teeth _________
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
The man got his car_________ last week
To repair
Repaired
Have repaired
repair

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
Like human beings, zoo animals must get a dentist
_________ their teeth
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
Like human beings, zoo animals must get their
teeth _________
To fill
Filled
Have filled
Fill
The man got his car_________ last week
To repair
Repaired
Have repaired
repair

Causative verb GET object is the doer
--------------- use To V1(first form of the
verb)
Causative verb GET object is not the doer
--------- use V3 (Third form of the verb)
The man got the letter delivered yesterday.
The man got the servant to deliver the letter.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
The mechanic mde the machine ________ again.
To work
Worked
Have worked
work
We were made _________ there till 6 PM.
To stay
stayed
Have stayed
stay
The horse was made _______ very fast.
To run
Ran
Have run
run

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
The mechanic made the machine ________ again.
To work
Worked
Have worked
work
We were made _________ there till 6 PM.
To stay
stayed
Have stayed
stay
The horse was made _______ very fast.
To run
Ran
Have run
run

Causative verb MAKE sentence is in active voice
--------------- use V1(first form of the verb)
Causative verb MAKE sentence is in passive
voice ------------- use To V1(first form of the
verb)
The mechanic made the machine work again.
We were made to stay there till 6 PM.

Find errors if any
The old lady made her step daughter to do all the
work.
We shall get this house to paint next month.
The man had his sons to break the sticks.
He had the letters to sign by all the employees.
Ram was made waiting there till 5 AM.
I shall have my car to wash today.
We can make this machine working again.
The manager got all his employees signed the
contract.
She decided to have her teeth remove.
They had the man compensated for the loss.

Examine the sentences
She likes dancing.
I like dancing.
She liked dancing when she was young..

Examine the sentences
She likes dancing.
I like dancing.
She liked dancing when she was young.
The verb like changes according the subject and
the tense whereas the verb dancing does not
change. Like is a finite verb here whereas
dancing is a non-finite verb.

4. Finite verbs
These are the verbs that change themselves
according to the subject or tense of the sentence
or you can say according to the no. of persons
present in the sentence.
She walks.
They walk.
She is active.
They are very active.

5. Non Finite Verbs
These are the verbs that do not change themselves
according to the subject or tense of the sentence
or you can say according to the no. of persons
present in the sentence.
They like dancing.
I like dancing.
He like dancing.
The verb dancing is same for all the three
subjects- they, i and he.
I want to go.
He wants to go.
The verb to go is same for both the subjects- i
and he.

Non Finite Verbs are further of three types-
(a) Participle
(b) Infinitives
(c)Gerunds

Non Finite Verbs are further of three types-
(a) Participle Participle acts as an adjective
as well as verb.
(b) Infinitives It can be regarded as the most
basic or rudimentary form of the given verb. It
may be a noun, an adverb or an adjective.
(c)Gerunds Gerunds are those non-finite verbs
which are actually modifications of the verb as a
noun.

1. Participle
Participle acts as an adjective as well as verb.
She was crying due to her bleeding knees.
(adjective)
They jumped into the flowing river.
Barking dogs seldom bite.

Participle is further of three types-
Present participle - V1 (1st form of verb ) ing
(continuity of actions)
They jumped into the flowing river.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Past Participle - V3 (3rd form of verb )
He has disposed of the broken chair
He is a confused person.
Perfect Participle - (having V3) (completion of
actions)
Having done the work, he went home.
Having taken lunch, he went to work.

Find errors if any
While taking the exam, he went for a movie.
While reading the book, he fell asleep in
between.
While eating meal, garima went back to work
again.
Having walked in the field, a snake bit him.
While describing the chapter, she left for
london.
While dancing in the room , the fan fell on her
head.
While crossing the old bridge, the truck hit the
old woman.
Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
classes.
While robbing the house, the policeman arrested
the thief.
Having arrested the thief was sent to jail.
Being discovered by a scientist, the kohinoor was
placed in a special security cell.

Present Participle is used when the first action
is going on or you can say when the first action
is in continuation and in between the second
action get started.
While reading the book, he slept.
While watching the movie, he cried.
Perfect Participle is used when the first work
get finished and after the completion of first
work the second work started.
Having taken the exam, he went for a movie.
Having come from the market, she wrote a letter.
Past participle is also used when the first work
is finished and after the completion of first
work , second work started and also second work
is the result of first work.
Being discovered by a scientist, the kohinoor was
placed in a special security cell.
The shrunken shirt was removed from the almirah.
Troubled by the traffic, he parked his car near
the park.
Lost in my dreams , i almost had won the swimming
championship.
Impressed by my dress and looks , he ordered a
red wine for me .

We always have to consider the actions in the
sentences where present participle and perfect
participle is used.
While eating meal, garima went to work again.
(wrong)
Having eaten meal, garima went to work again.
(correct)
As work must be started after the completion of
the first action (eaten meal) so perfect
participle should be used in the sentence.
While describing the chapter, she left for
london. (wrong)
Having described the chapter, she left for
london. (correct)
Having arrested the thief was sent to
jail.(wrong)
Having been arrested the thief was sent to jail.
(correct)
As the thief was not arrested by himself but by
someone else so been is used here.
Every participle needs a subject (a verb always
need a subject).
While dancing in the room , the fan fell on her
head. (wrong)
While she was dancing in the room, the fan fell
on her head. (correct)
The common subject for both the verbs (dancing
and fell) is fan in the sentence.But the fan was
not dancing at all. Now a proper subject she is
used with dancing.
While crossing the old bridge, the truck hits the
old woman. (wrong)
While she was crossing the old bridge. The old
woman was hit by the truck. (correct)
Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
classes. (wrong)
It being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
classes. (correct)

Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
classes. (wrong)
It being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
classes. (correct)
While robbing the house, the policeman arrested
the thief. (wrong)
While robbing the house the thief was arrested by
the policeman. (correct)

2. Infinitives
It can be regarded as the most basic or
rudimentary form of the given verb. It may be a
noun, an adverb or an adjective.
There are two kinds of infinitives-
The bare infinitive (V1)
The full infinitive. (to V1)

2. Infinitives
Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or
adverbs. Look at these examples
To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after her
double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood
café.
To sleep functions as a noun because it is the
subject of the sentence.
No matter how fascinating the biology dissection
is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.
To look functions as a noun because it is the
direct object for the verb refuses.
Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book
to read in case conversation lags or she has a
long wait.
To read functions as an adjective because it
modifies book.
Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly
squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.
To throw functions as an adverb because it
explains why Richard braved the inclement
weather.

The bare infinitive does not use the word to
but uses the base form of the verb.
Special Verb Direct Object Infinitive - to
Help me catch the fish.
An infinitive will lose its to when it follows
certain verbs. These verbs are feel, hear, help,
let, make, see, and watch.
As soon as Theodore felt the rain splatter on his
hot, dusty skin, he knew that he had a good
excuse to return the lawn mower to the garage.
Felt Main verb rain direct object splatter
infinitive minus the to.
When Danny heard the alarm clock buzz, he slapped
the snooze button and burrowed under the covers
for ten more minutes of sleep.
Heard Main verb alarm clock direct object
buzz infinitive minus the to.
Although Dr. Ribley spent an extra class period
helping us understand logarithms, we still bombed
the test.
Helping Main verb us direct object
understand infinitive minus the to.

Because Freddie had never touched a snake, I
removed the cover of the cage and let him pet
Squeeze, my seven-foot python.
Let Main verb him direct object pet
infinitive minus the to.
Since Jose had destroyed Sylvia's spotless
kitchen while baking chocolate-broccoli muffins,
she made him take her out for an expensive
dinner.
Made Main verb him direct object take
infinitive minus the to.
I said a prayer when I saw my friends mount the
Kumba, a frightening roller coaster that twists
and rolls like a giant sea serpent.
Saw Main verb my friends direct object
mount infinitive minus the to.
Hoping to lose her fear of flying, Rachel went to
the airport to watch passenger planes take off
and land, but even this exercise did not convince
her that jets were safe.
Watch Main verb passenger planes direct
object take, land infinitives minus the to.

3. Gerunds
Gerunds are those non-finite verbs which are
actually modifications of the verb as a noun.
The trick to identify a gerund is that the verb
form generally ends with an ing.
For example,
Smoking is injurious to health and causes cancer.
Playing a sport is essential for all-round
development.

Examine the sentence
Since he was five years old, swimming has been
his passion.
He loves swimming.
He gives swimming all of his energy and time.
He was devoted to swimming.
His swimming coach is very generous.
The swimming pool is quite deep.

Examine the sentence
Since he was five years old, swimming has been
his passion.
Swimming subject of the verb has been.
He loves swimming.
Swimming direct object of the verb loves.
He gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Swimming indirect object of the verb gives.
He was devoted to swimming.
Swimming object of the preposition to.
His swimming coach is very generous.
Swimming present participle modifying coach.
The swimming pool is quite deep.
Swimming present participle modifying pools.

Find errors if any
I pushed the door opened.
Riya washed the clothes cleaned.

Find errors if any
I pushed the door opened.
Riya washed the clothes cleaned.
Structure ( V N Adj- first form of verb )

Find errors if any
He would better spoke the truth.
He would rather completed his homework.
He does nothing but to blame others.

Find errors if any
He would better speak the truth.
He would rather complete his homework.
He does nothing but blame others.
Rule Always use V1 with phrases like Had better,
would better, had rather, would rather as they
are used as modals.
Also always use bare infinitive after phrase
nothing but

Find errors if any
I made her to sing
She was made to sing.
I cant let her to go anywhere.
He helped the old man to cross the road.

Find errors if any
I made her sing
She was made to sing.
I cant let her go anywhere.
He helped the old man cross the road.
RULE With verbs like see, watch, notice, behold,
hear, help, make, let use bare infinitive (V1)
in active voice and To V1 in passive voice.

Find errors if any
Rahul taught us to operate the machine.
She knows to swim.
Ram was very happy to find the job.
The old man is too weak for walking.
The box is heavy enough for carrying.

To V1 is used for the following structure of
sentences
Finite verb object question word To V1
Subject H.V adjective To V1
Too adjective To V1
adjective Enough To V1
Subject Verb adjective To V1
Examples
Rahul taught us how to operate the machine.
She knows how to swim.
Ram was very happy to find the job.
The old man is too weak to walk.
The box is heavy enough to carry.

To V1 is used for the following structure of
sentences
Finite verb object question word To V1
Subject H.V adjective To V1
Too adjective To V1
adjective Enough To V1
Subject Verb adjective To V1
Examples
Rahul taught us how to operate the machine.
She knows how to swim.
Ram was very happy to find the job.
The old man is too weak to walk.
The box is heavy enough to carry.

Rule 1 With verbs ask, tell, order,
command,persuade,encourage,argument,wish,
request,intend, expect etc, use the given
structure.
Subject Verb noun/Pronoun infinitive
The doctor advised him to rest.
I asked him to go home.
I requested him to bring me a glass of water.

Rule 2 With verbs stop, delay, begin, start,
practise, try, mind, forget, suggest, avoid,
detest, worth, keep, etc, use the given
structure.
Subject Verb Gerund
She started singing.
Manoj has finished talking.
Ranjan kept me waiting for quite long.

Find errors if any
Neha repented not calling me.
Vivin denied to call me.
Manju finished to talk and cut the call.
They finished to play and went to their home.
They hoped getting good results that year.

55
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