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Best English Notes For IAS Prelims Paper 2 - VERB
(ADVANCE)

• Best English Notes For IAS Prelims Paper 2 by Top
  IAS Coaching Center

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• VERB
• Verbs are words that show an action, occurrence,
  or state of being.
• an action run, hit, travel
• an event rain, occur
• a situation be, seem, have
• a change become, grow, develop
• Eg He has completed his work.

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• VERB
• Verbs can be divided into two types
• Auxiliary verb/ Helping verb These are the verbs
  that are used with the main verbs. Basically they
  provide elaborate meaning to the sentence
• Main verb The main verb is also called the
  lexical verb or the principal verb. This term
  refers to the important verb in the sentence, the
  one that typically shows the action or state of
  being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone,
  or they can be used with a helping verb, also
  called an auxiliary verb.

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• VERB (ADVANCE)
• Main verb The main verb is also called the
  lexical verb or the principal verb. This term
  refers to the important verb in the sentence, the
  one that typically shows the action or state of
  being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone,
  or they can be used with a helping verb, also
  called an auxiliary verb.
• I completed the work yesterday.
• I have completed the work just now.

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• Main Verbs as Linking Verbs
• As mentioned previously, main verbs arent always
  action verbs. Sometimes they simply express a
  subjects state of being. In these cases, the
  main verbs are referred to as linking verbs since
  they link the subject to information concerning
  its state of being (referred to as a subject
  complement). Consider the examples below
• As a toddler, Susan was adorable.
• Note that the main verb was does not express
  Susans actions but her state of being (i.e.,
  adorable).
• Jennifer is a nurse at the local hospital.
• Here, the main verb is links the subject
  (Jennifer) to its complement, a nurse.
• Linking Verb Tip It may be helpful to think of a
  linking verb as an equal sign. If you can
  substitute an equal sign for the main verb in a
  sentence, and it makes sense, then the main verb
  is a linking verb.

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• Linking Verbs
• Keila is a shopaholic.
• During the afternoon, my cats are content to nap
  on the couch.
• After drinking the old milk, Vladimir turned
  green.
• Irene always feels sleepy after pigging out on
  pizza from Antonio's.
• The following verbs are true linking verbs any
  form of the verb be am, is, are, was, were, has
  been, are being, might have been, etc., become,
  and seem. These true linking verbs are always
  linking verbs.
• Then you have a list of verbs with multiple
  personalities appear, feel, grow, look, prove,
  remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes
  these verbs are linking verbs sometimes they are
  action verbs.

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• If you can substitute am, is, or are and the
  sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking
  verb on your hands.
• If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no
  sense, you are dealing with an action verb
  instead. Here are some examples
• Sylvia tasted the spicy stew.
• Sylvia is the spicy stew. (Doesnt make any
  sense)
• Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this
  sentence, something Sylvia is doing.
• The stew tasted good.
• The stew is good. (Gives the same meaning)
• Hence tasted is a linking verb here.
• I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and
  papaya pizza baking in the oven. (action verb)
• The pizza smells heavenly.(linking verb)

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• Types of Main Verbs
• TRANSITIVE VERB
• INTRANSITIVE VERB
• FINITE VERB
• NON- FINITE VERB
• CAUSATIVE VERB

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• Types of Main Verbs
• TRANSITIVE VERB A transitive verb is verb which
  needs an object to give the sentence a complete
  sense.
• I want chocolates.
• They attended the party.
• Transitive verb answers what.

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• Types of Main Verbs
• 2. INTRANSITIVE VERB An intransitive verb is a
  verb which may or may not necessarily need an
  object to give the sentence a complete sense.
• Birds fly.
• John laughed loudly.
• The keys disappeared.
• Intransitive verb can also take an object after
  it. But a preposition has to be used.
• Birds fly in the sky.
• John laughed at her loudly.

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• Examine the sentences
• Ram has a broken chair.
• Ram has broken a chair.
• Ram has a chair broken.

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• Types of Main Verbs
• 3. Causative verbs (make , have, get )
• Causative verbs are used in those sentences where
  the subject of the sentence induces the object of
  the sentence to do the verb . In short, we can
  say that the subject doesnt do the work but gets
  the work done by others.
• Ram has a chair broken.

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• Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
• Like human beings, zoo animals must have a
  dentist _________ their teeth
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• Like human beings, zoo animals must have their
  teeth _________
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• The man had his car_________ last week
• To repair
• Repaired
• Have repaired
• repair

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• Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
• Like human beings, zoo animals must have a
  dentist _________ their teeth
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• Like human beings, zoo animals must have their
  teeth _________
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• The man had his car_________ last week
• To repair
• Repaired
• Have repaired
• repair

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• Causative verb HAVE object is the doer
  --------------- use V1(first form of the verb)
• Causative verb HAVE object is not the doer
  ---------- use V3(Third form of the verb)

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• Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
• Like human beings, zoo animals must get a dentist
  _________ their teeth
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• Like human beings, zoo animals must get their
  teeth _________
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• The man got his car_________ last week
• To repair
• Repaired
• Have repaired
• repair

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• Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
• Like human beings, zoo animals must get a dentist
  _________ their teeth
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• Like human beings, zoo animals must get their
  teeth _________
• To fill
• Filled
• Have filled
• Fill
• The man got his car_________ last week
• To repair
• Repaired
• Have repaired
• repair

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• Causative verb GET object is the doer
  --------------- use To V1(first form of the
  verb)
• Causative verb GET object is not the doer
  --------- use V3 (Third form of the verb)
• The man got the letter delivered yesterday.
• The man got the servant to deliver the letter.

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• Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
• The mechanic mde the machine ________ again.
• To work
• Worked
• Have worked
• work
• We were made _________ there till 6 PM.
• To stay
• stayed
• Have stayed
• stay
• The horse was made _______ very fast.
• To run
• Ran
• Have run
• run

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• Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
• The mechanic made the machine ________ again.
• To work
• Worked
• Have worked
• work
• We were made _________ there till 6 PM.
• To stay
• stayed
• Have stayed
• stay
• The horse was made _______ very fast.
• To run
• Ran
• Have run
• run

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• Causative verb MAKE sentence is in active voice
  --------------- use V1(first form of the verb)
• Causative verb MAKE sentence is in passive
  voice ------------- use To V1(first form of the
  verb)
• The mechanic made the machine work again.
• We were made to stay there till 6 PM.

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• Find errors if any
• The old lady made her step daughter to do all the
  work.
• We shall get this house to paint next month.
• The man had his sons to break the sticks.
• He had the letters to sign by all the employees.
• Ram was made waiting there till 5 AM.
• I shall have my car to wash today.
• We can make this machine working again.
• The manager got all his employees signed the
  contract.
• She decided to have her teeth remove.
• They had the man compensated for the loss.

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• Examine the sentences
• She likes dancing.
• I like dancing.
• She liked dancing when she was young..

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• Examine the sentences
• She likes dancing.
• I like dancing.
• She liked dancing when she was young.
• The verb like changes according the subject and
  the tense whereas the verb dancing does not
  change. Like is a finite verb here whereas
  dancing is a non-finite verb.

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• 4. Finite verbs
• These are the verbs that change themselves
  according to the subject or tense of the sentence
  or you can say according to the no. of persons
  present in the sentence.
• She walks.
• They walk.
• She is active.
• They are very active.

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• 5. Non Finite Verbs
• These are the verbs that do not change themselves
  according to the subject or tense of the sentence
  or you can say according to the no. of persons
  present in the sentence.
• They like dancing.
• I like dancing.
• He like dancing.
• The verb dancing is same for all the three
  subjects- they, i and he.
• I want to go.
• He wants to go.
• The verb to go is same for both the subjects- i
  and he.

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• Non Finite Verbs are further of three types-
• (a) Participle
• (b) Infinitives
• (c)Gerunds

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• Non Finite Verbs are further of three types-
• (a) Participle Participle acts as an adjective
  as well as verb.
• (b) Infinitives It can be regarded as the most
  basic or rudimentary form of the given verb. It
  may be a noun, an adverb or an adjective.
• (c)Gerunds Gerunds are those non-finite verbs
  which are actually modifications of the verb as a
  noun.

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• 1. Participle
• Participle acts as an adjective as well as verb.
• She was crying due to her bleeding knees.
  (adjective)
• They jumped into the flowing river.
• Barking dogs seldom bite.

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• Participle is further of three types-
• Present participle - V1 (1st form of verb ) ing
  (continuity of actions)
• They jumped into the flowing river.
• Barking dogs seldom bite.
• Past Participle - V3 (3rd form of verb )
• He has disposed of the broken chair
• He is a confused person.
• Perfect Participle - (having V3) (completion of
  actions)
• Having done the work, he went home.
• Having taken lunch, he went to work.

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• Find errors if any
• While taking the exam, he went for a movie.
• While reading the book, he fell asleep in
  between.
• While eating meal, garima went back to work
  again.
• Having walked in the field, a snake bit him.
• While describing the chapter, she left for
  london.
• While dancing in the room , the fan fell on her
  head.
• While crossing the old bridge, the truck hit the
  old woman.
• Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
  classes.
• While robbing the house, the policeman arrested
  the thief.
• Having arrested the thief was sent to jail.
• Being discovered by a scientist, the kohinoor was
  placed in a special security cell.

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• Present Participle is used when the first action
  is going on or you can say when the first action
  is in continuation and in between the second
  action get started.
• While reading the book, he slept.
• While watching the movie, he cried.
• Perfect Participle is used when the first work
  get finished and after the completion of first
  work the second work started.
• Having taken the exam, he went for a movie.
• Having come from the market, she wrote a letter.
• Past participle is also used when the first work
  is finished and after the completion of first
  work , second work started and also second work
  is the result of first work.
• Being discovered by a scientist, the kohinoor was
  placed in a special security cell.
• The shrunken shirt was removed from the almirah.
• Troubled by the traffic, he parked his car near
  the park.
• Lost in my dreams , i almost had won the swimming
  championship.
• Impressed by my dress and looks , he ordered a
  red wine for me .

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• We always have to consider the actions in the
  sentences where present participle and perfect
  participle is used.
• While eating meal, garima went to work again.
  (wrong)
• Having eaten meal, garima went to work again.
  (correct)
• As work must be started after the completion of
  the first action (eaten meal) so perfect
  participle should be used in the sentence.
• While describing the chapter, she left for
  london. (wrong)
• Having described the chapter, she left for
  london. (correct)
• Having arrested the thief was sent to
  jail.(wrong)
• Having been arrested the thief was sent to jail.
  (correct)
• As the thief was not arrested by himself but by
  someone else so been is used here.
• Every participle needs a subject (a verb always
  need a subject).
• While dancing in the room , the fan fell on her
  head. (wrong)
• While she was dancing in the room, the fan fell
  on her head. (correct)
• The common subject for both the verbs (dancing
  and fell) is fan in the sentence.But the fan was
  not dancing at all. Now a proper subject she is
  used with dancing.
• While crossing the old bridge, the truck hits the
  old woman. (wrong)
• While she was crossing the old bridge. The old
  woman was hit by the truck. (correct)
• Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
  classes. (wrong)
• It being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
  classes. (correct)

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• Being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
  classes. (wrong)
• It being a rainy day, nobody came to the dance
  classes. (correct)
• While robbing the house, the policeman arrested
  the thief. (wrong)
• While robbing the house the thief was arrested by
  the policeman. (correct)

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• 2. Infinitives
• It can be regarded as the most basic or
  rudimentary form of the given verb. It may be a
  noun, an adverb or an adjective.
• There are two kinds of infinitives-
• The bare infinitive (V1)
• The full infinitive. (to V1)

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• 2. Infinitives
• Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or
  adverbs. Look at these examples
• To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after her
  double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood
  café.
• To sleep functions as a noun because it is the
  subject of the sentence.
• No matter how fascinating the biology dissection
  is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.
• To look functions as a noun because it is the
  direct object for the verb refuses.
• Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book
  to read in case conversation lags or she has a
  long wait.
• To read functions as an adjective because it
  modifies book.
• Richard braved the icy rain to throw the smelly
  squid eyeball stew into the apartment dumpster.
• To throw functions as an adverb because it
  explains why Richard braved the inclement
  weather.

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• The bare infinitive does not use the word to
  but uses the base form of the verb.
• Special Verb Direct Object Infinitive - to
• Help me catch the fish.
• An infinitive will lose its to when it follows
  certain verbs. These verbs are feel, hear, help,
  let, make, see, and watch.
• As soon as Theodore felt the rain splatter on his
  hot, dusty skin, he knew that he had a good
  excuse to return the lawn mower to the garage.
• Felt Main verb rain direct object splatter
  infinitive minus the to.
• When Danny heard the alarm clock buzz, he slapped
  the snooze button and burrowed under the covers
  for ten more minutes of sleep.
• Heard Main verb alarm clock direct object
  buzz infinitive minus the to.
• Although Dr. Ribley spent an extra class period
  helping us understand logarithms, we still bombed
  the test.
• Helping Main verb us direct object
  understand infinitive minus the to.

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• Because Freddie had never touched a snake, I
  removed the cover of the cage and let him pet
  Squeeze, my seven-foot python.
• Let Main verb him direct object pet
  infinitive minus the to.
• Since Jose had destroyed Sylvia's spotless
  kitchen while baking chocolate-broccoli muffins,
  she made him take her out for an expensive
  dinner.
• Made Main verb him direct object take
  infinitive minus the to.
• I said a prayer when I saw my friends mount the
  Kumba, a frightening roller coaster that twists
  and rolls like a giant sea serpent.
• Saw Main verb my friends direct object
  mount infinitive minus the to.
• Hoping to lose her fear of flying, Rachel went to
  the airport to watch passenger planes take off
  and land, but even this exercise did not convince
  her that jets were safe.
• Watch Main verb passenger planes direct
  object take, land infinitives minus the to.

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• 3. Gerunds
• Gerunds are those non-finite verbs which are
  actually modifications of the verb as a noun.
• The trick to identify a gerund is that the verb
  form generally ends with an ing.
• For example,
• Smoking is injurious to health and causes cancer.
• Playing a sport is essential for all-round
  development.

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• Examine the sentence
• Since he was five years old, swimming has been
  his passion.
• He loves swimming.
• He gives swimming all of his energy and time.
• He was devoted to swimming.
• His swimming coach is very generous.
• The swimming pool is quite deep.

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• Examine the sentence
• Since he was five years old, swimming has been
  his passion.
• Swimming subject of the verb has been.
• He loves swimming.
• Swimming direct object of the verb loves.
• He gives swimming all of his energy and time.
• Swimming indirect object of the verb gives.
• He was devoted to swimming.
• Swimming object of the preposition to.
• His swimming coach is very generous.
• Swimming present participle modifying coach.
• The swimming pool is quite deep.
• Swimming present participle modifying pools.

43

• Find errors if any
• I pushed the door opened.
• Riya washed the clothes cleaned.

44

• Find errors if any
• I pushed the door opened.
• Riya washed the clothes cleaned.
• Structure ( V N Adj- first form of verb )

45

• Find errors if any
• He would better spoke the truth.
• He would rather completed his homework.
• He does nothing but to blame others.

46

• Find errors if any
• He would better speak the truth.
• He would rather complete his homework.
• He does nothing but blame others.
• Rule Always use V1 with phrases like Had better,
  would better, had rather, would rather as they
  are used as modals.
• Also always use bare infinitive after phrase
  nothing but

47

• Find errors if any
• I made her to sing
• She was made to sing.
• I cant let her to go anywhere.
• He helped the old man to cross the road.

48

• Find errors if any
• I made her sing
• She was made to sing.
• I cant let her go anywhere.
• He helped the old man cross the road.
• RULE With verbs like see, watch, notice, behold,
  hear, help, make, let use bare infinitive (V1)
  in active voice and To V1 in passive voice.

49

• Find errors if any
• Rahul taught us to operate the machine.
• She knows to swim.
• Ram was very happy to find the job.
• The old man is too weak for walking.
• The box is heavy enough for carrying.

50

• To V1 is used for the following structure of
  sentences
• Finite verb object question word To V1
• Subject H.V adjective To V1
• Too adjective To V1
• adjective Enough To V1
• Subject Verb adjective To V1
• Examples
• Rahul taught us how to operate the machine.
• She knows how to swim.
• Ram was very happy to find the job.
• The old man is too weak to walk.
• The box is heavy enough to carry.

51

• To V1 is used for the following structure of
  sentences
• Finite verb object question word To V1
• Subject H.V adjective To V1
• Too adjective To V1
• adjective Enough To V1
• Subject Verb adjective To V1
• Examples
• Rahul taught us how to operate the machine.
• She knows how to swim.
• Ram was very happy to find the job.
• The old man is too weak to walk.
• The box is heavy enough to carry.

52

• Rule 1 With verbs ask, tell, order,
  command,persuade,encourage,argument,wish,
  request,intend, expect etc, use the given
  structure.
• Subject Verb noun/Pronoun infinitive
• The doctor advised him to rest.
• I asked him to go home.
• I requested him to bring me a glass of water.

53

• Rule 2 With verbs stop, delay, begin, start,
  practise, try, mind, forget, suggest, avoid,
  detest, worth, keep, etc, use the given
  structure.
• Subject Verb Gerund
• She started singing.
• Manoj has finished talking.
• Ranjan kept me waiting for quite long.

54

• Find errors if any
• Neha repented not calling me.
• Vivin denied to call me.
• Manju finished to talk and cut the call.
• They finished to play and went to their home.
• They hoped getting good results that year.

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