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Best English Notes By Top IAS Coaching Center -
Oureducation
The English is an Important part of every
competitive exam. Reading English Grammar is the
first step to start preparations for this
section. Today I am providing my handmade grammar
book Notes and that too for free. This PPT is
easy to read and understand. We are providing you
some exam wise Study Notes on English Language.
Read and take note of all these facts related to
it then surely you will score well in all these
exams. This material will immensely help the
candidates preparing for following exams
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• Best English Notes By Top IAS Coaching Center
• VERB
• Verbs are words that show an action, occurrence,
  or state of being.
• an action run, hit, travel
• an event rain, occur
• a situation be, seem, have
• a change become, grow, develop
• Eg He has completed his work.

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• VERB
• Verbs can be divided into two types
• Auxiliary verb/ Helping verb These are the verbs
  that are used with the main verbs. Basically they
  provide elaborate meaning to the sentence
• Main verb The main verb is also called the
  lexical verb or the principal verb. This term
  refers to the important verb in the sentence, the
  one that typically shows the action or state of
  being of the subject. Main verbs can stand alone,
  or they can be used with a helping verb, also
  called an auxiliary verb.

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• VERB(BASIC)
• These are the verbs that are used with the main
  verbs. Basically they provide elaborate meaning
  to the sentence. Helping verbs do just what they
  sound like they dothey help! Different helping
  verbs help or support the main verb in different
  ways. For instance, they can show tense (which
  indicates when an action happened), ability,
  intention, or possibility.
• I can do the work.
• He is working very hard.

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• VERB(BASIC)
• Helping verbs are further of three types-
• Modals
• Primary auxiliary verb
• Marginal auxiliary verb

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• 1. Modals
• As their name suggest these do not act as main
  verbs. These are used to denote ability,
  permission, possibility, obligation or likelihood
  in a sentence.
• Can, could, may, might, shall, will, should,
  would, must etc.

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• Uses of can/could
• Can- power/ability/capacity/permission/friendly
  request
• He can jump from 4th floor.
• You can dance now.
• He can study for four hours at a stretch.
• Can you lend me ten rupees?
• Could (past tense of can)- past ability/
  capacity/formal request
• 1st form of verb is used with this
• She could accompany you if she wanted.
• Ram could run alone yesterday.
• Could i talk to neha ?
• He could not come in the party.
• Can - Theoretical possibility could -
  Remote possibility
• Anyone can fight for his dignity.
  There could be a snake in your bedsheet.
• Everyone can crack the exam.
  There could be a gun in the purse.

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• Uses of can/could
• Can also shows negative possibility
• It cannot be true.
• He cannot come .
• Find errors if any
• The old man cant be able to walk alone.

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• Uses of can/could
• Can also shows negative possibility
• It cannot be true.
• He cannot come .
• Find errors if any
• The old man cant be able to walk alone.
• We cannot use able to with can/ could.
• As can / could shows the ability of persons so if
  we will use able to with these words, the
  sentence will become superfluous.
• The old man cant be able to walk alone. (wrong)
• The old man cant walk alone. (correct)

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• May / Might / Must
• May - positive possibility ( neither low nor high
  )/ / optative sentences / respect / request
  (interrogative form)
• He may come tomorrow.
• They may call you in the evening.
• Garima may invite you to the party.
• May is used with optative sentence(sentences that
  are used to pray or wish).
• May you live long.
• May god bless you.
• May is used with Respect / Request (interrogative
  form)
• May i come in ?
• May i go to drink water ?

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• May / Might / Must
• Might - less possibility
• He might have gone there.
• They might fight with each other.
• You might find that question wrong.
• Must - greater possibility (shows present and
  future tense)/
• In past tense had to will be used in place of
  must
• They live in a three story building. They must be
  rich.
• She stood first in the class. She must be
  hardworking and intelligent.
• The girl said that she had to go there yesterday.
• Must is also used to show compulsion.
• Candidates must remove their shoes before coming
  into the room.
• Students must wear woolen socks with the school
  uniform.

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• May / Might / Must
• We cannot use likely / possibly with may
• As may itself shows possibility of event so using
  likely / possibly with may will make the
  sentence superfluous.
• It may likely rain. (wrong)
• It may possibly rain. (wrong)
• It may rain. (correct)

13

• Will / Shall
• Shall is used with 1st persons (I,We)
• Will is used with all other persons (2nd and
  3rd).
• But in modern english we can use will with 1st
  person but in interrogative form always shall
  is used.
• I will/ shall go tomorrow.
• We will/shall win tomorrow.
• She will go to market.
• They will play the piano.
• Shall we dance ?
• Shall I go ?
• Will you come with us ?
• Will he need you ?

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• Will / Shall
• Find errors if any
• She shall be rewarded for this.
• I will always be there for you.
• Trespassers shall be prosecuted.
• I will kill you.
• You shall be on time tomorrow.
• I will do it right now.
• You shall leave the class.

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• Will / Shall
• In order to denote advice, threat, determination,
  compulsion, command and promise -
• Use shall with 2nd and 3rd person
• Use will with 1st person
• She shall be rewarded for this. (promise)
• I will always be there for you. (promise)
• Trespassers shall be prosecuted. (threat)
• I will kill you. (threat)
• You shall be on time tomorrow. (compulsion)
• I will do it right now. (compulsion)
• You shall leave the class. (command)

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• Would / Should
• Should and would are past tense of shall and will
  respectively. 1st form of verb will be used with
  both of these.
• In order to express past habits in the sentences
  we use would.
• When we were in hostel, we would practice dance
  for hours.
• Would / used to / simple past tense - all these
  are used to express past habits.
• We used to dance for hours.
• We danced for hours when we were in hostel.
• Would is also used for making polite requests.
• Would you help me out with this issue ?
• Would you wait for a second ?
• In order to express suggestion / advice in a
  sentence should will be used.
• You should work hard to crack the exam.
• You should write carefully.
• Lest Should
• She danced beautifully, lest she should lose the
  competition.
• They dont meet him, lest they should fight for
  money.

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• Would / Should
• In order to express suggestion / advice in a
  sentence should will be used.
• You should work hard to crack the exam.
• You should write carefully.
• Lest Should
• She danced beautifully, lest she should lose the
  competition.
• They dont meet him, lest they should fight for
  money.

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• 2. Primary Auxiliary verbs (be, do, have)
• These are the verbs that act as helping verb as
  well as main verb.
• Be (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being)
• He is good. (main verb)
• He is working in an MNC. (helping verb)
• I am a doctor. (main verb)
• I am going home. (helping verb)
• He has been to australia for few days. (has-
  helping verb, been-verb)
• Do (do, does, did, done)
• I do my work daily. ( main verb )
• I did not know him. (helping verb)
• Have (has, have, had)
• I have a car. (main verb)
• I have not seen him. (helping verb)

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• 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used
  to)
• Dare and need are the verbs that work as helping
  verb as well as main verb.
• Also used to works as helping verb as well as an
  adjective.

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• 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used
  to)
• Used to
• Be used to gerund - adjective
• If any form of be(is, am, are, was, were, has,
  have, been, being) is followed by used to then
  gerund should be used in the sentence.
• In such sentences used to works as an
  adjective.
• When used to is followed by 1st form of verb then
  it works as a modal.
• Used to 1st form of verb- modal
• Used to 1st form of verb -ing - habit
• Used to 1st form of verb - Routine action of
  past
• I used to dance in India. (modal)
• I have got used to dancing in America.
  (adjective)
• Mom is used to making cupcakes so they always
  come delicious. (modal)
• Mom used to make cupcakes for me when i was in
  India. (adjective)
• They used to go for a walk every evening. (modal)
• They have got used to of walking during free
  time. (adjective)

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• 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used
  to)
• Dare and need
• Dare - challenge / courage
• Need - requirement
• These are the verbs that act as helping
  verb(modals) as well as main verbs.
• Helping verbs are used in contracted form when
  not is used with them (don't, doesnt, havent,
  hasn't, isn't, aren't etc.)
• Modals are always followed by 1st form of verb.
• When modals are used as main verb and they are
  followed by some other verb then the other verb
  should come in to 1st form of
  verb(infinitive).
• He darent cross the road. (modal)
• He dare not cross the road. (modal)
• He dared to cross the road. (main verb)
• I dared to kill the cockroach. (main verb)
• They dont dare to go for movie. (main verb)
• Nobody dares to call him by his nickname. (main
  verb)

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• 3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs (Dare, need and Used
  to)
• How dare you touch my purse ? (modal ) (as
  helping verbs in interrogative form are always
  used before the subject )
• How dare she criticize me about my dress ?
  (modal)
• Rohan doesnt dare to walk alone on the road.
  (main verb)
• You dont need to specify it anymore. (main verb)
• You need not specify it anymore. (modal)
• We dont need any answers from you. (main verb)
• Why need i go there ? (modal)
• You neednt read the whole paragraph , just go
  through the summary. (modal)

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Arise arose
  arisen arising
• Awake awoke
  awoken awaking
• Be was,were
  been being
• Bear bore
  born bearing
• Bear bore
  borne bearing
• Become became
  become becoming
• Begin began
  begun beginning
• Bite bit
  bitten
  biting
• Blow blew
  blown blowing
• Bind bound
  bound binding
• Bid bade
  bidden bidding
• Break broke
  broken breaking
• Choose chose
  chosen choosing
• Cling clung
  clung clinging
• Come came
  come coming
• Dig dug
  dug digging
• Do did
  done doing

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Drink drank
  drunk drinking
• Drive drove
  driven driving
• Eat ate
  eaten eating
• Fall fell
  fallen
  falling
• Find found
  found finding
• Fly flew
  flown flying
• Forbid forbade
  forbidden forbidding
• Forget forgot
  forgotten forgetting
• Freeze froze
  frozen freezing
• Get got
  got getting
• Give gave
  given giving
• Grind ground
  ground grinding
• Grow grew
  grown growing
• Hang hung
  hung hanging
• Hide hid
  hidden hiding
• Hold held
  held holding
• Know knew
  known knowing

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Ride rode
  ridden riding
• Ring rang
  rung ringing
• Rise rose
  risen rising
• See saw
  seen seeing
• Shake shook
  shaken shaking
• Shine shone
  shone shining
• Shoot shot
  shot shooting
• Shrink shrank
  shrunk shrinking
• Sing sang
  sung singing
• Sink sank
  sunk sinking
• Sit sat
  sat
  sitting
• Slay slew
  slain slaying
• Speak spoke
  spoken speaking
• Spit spat
  spat spitting
• Stand stood
  stood standing
• Steal stole
  stolen stealing
• Stick stuck
  stuck sticking

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Swear swore
  sworn swearing
• Swim swam
  swum swimming
• Swing swung
  swung swinging
• Take took
  taken taking
• Tear tore
  torn tearing
• Wear wore
  worn wearing
• Weave wove
  woven weaving
• Win won
  won winning
• Wind wound
  wound winding
• Write wrote
  written writing
• Wring wrung
  wrung wringing

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Abuse abused
  abused abusing
• Act acted
  acted acting
• Add added
  added adding
• Admire admired
  admired admiring
• Advise advised
  advised advising
• Allow allowed
  allowed allowing
• Answer answered
  answered answering
• Appoint appointed
  appointed appointing
• Appear appeared
  appeared appearing
• Arrive arrived
  arrived arriving
• Arrest arrested
  arrested arresting
• Ask asked
  asked asking
• Attack attacked
  attacked attacking
• Bark barked
  barked barking
• Bathe bathed
  bathed bathing
• Beg begged
  begged begging

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Behave behaved
  behaved behaving
• Bleed bled
  bled bleeding
• Bless blessed
  blessed blessing
• Break broke
  broken breaking
• Bring brought
  brought bringing
• Boil boiled
  boiled boiling
• Boast boasted
  boasted boasting
• Borrow borrowed
  borrowed borrowing
• Build built
  built
  building
• Burn burnt
  burnt burning
• Buy bought
  bought buying
• Call called
  called calling
• Carry carried
  carried carrying
• Catch caught
  caught catching
• Clean cleaned
  cleaned cleaning
• Close closed
  closed closing

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Check checked
  checked checking
• Climb climbed
  climbed climbing
• Clap clapped
  clapped clapping
• Copy copied
  copied copying
• Collect collected
  collected collecting
• Complain complained
  complained complaining
• Cook cooked
  cooked cooking
• Count counted
  counted counting
• Confuse confused
  confused confusing
• Consult consulted
  consulted consulting
• Cover covered
  covered covering
• Crow crowed
  crowed crowing
• Cross crossed
  crossed crossing
• Creep crept
  crept creeping
• Cry cried
  cried crying
• Decorate decorated
  decorated decorating

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Deceive deceived
  deceived deceiving
• Defeat defeated
  defeated defeating
• Decide decided
  decided deciding
• Desire desired
  desired desiring
• Discover discovered
  discovered discovering
• Dip dipped
  dipped dipping
• Die died
  died dying
• Divide divided
  divided dividing
• Dream dreamed
  dreamed dreaming
• Dry dried
  dried drying
• Drown drowned
  drowned drowning
• Dye dyed
  dyed dying
• Earn earned
  earned earning
• Enter entered
  entered entering
• Employ employed
  employed employing
• Explain explained
  explained explaining

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Face faced
  faced facing
• Fail failed
  failed failing
• Fear feared
  feared fearing
• Feed fed
  fed feeding
• Feel felt
  felt
  feeling
• Fell felled
  felled felling
• Flee fled
  fled fleeing
• Fight fought
  fought fighting
• Finish finished
  finished finishing
• Fine fined
  fined fining
• Float floated
  floated floating
• Graze grazed
  grazed grazing
• Gather gathered
  gathered gathering
• Have had
  had having
• Hate hated
  hated hating
• Hang hanged
  hanged hanging

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Help helped
  helped helping
• Improve improved
  improved improving
• Invite invited
  invited inviting
• Join joined
  joined joining
• Jump jumped
  jumped jumping
• Keep kept
  kept keeping
• Kill killed
  killed
  killing
• Knit knitted
  knitted knitting
• Kneel knelt
  knelt kneeling
• Lay laid
  laid laying
• Lie lied
  lied lying
• Laugh laughed
  laughed laughing
• Learn learned
  learned learning
• Leave left
  left leaving
• Lend lent
  lent lending
• Lose lost
  lost losing

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Listen listened
  listened listening
• Look looked
  looked looking
• Live lived
  lived living
• Love loved
  loved loving
• Lead led
  led leading
• Marry married
  married marrying
• Make made
  made making
• Mean meant
  meant meaning
• Meet met
  met meeting
• Move moved
  moved moving
• Melt melted
  melted melting
• Mend mended
  mended mending
• Mix mixed
  mixed mixing
• Name named
  named naming
• Need needed
  needed needing
• Nip nipped
  nipped nipping

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Open opened
  opened opening
• Order ordered
  ordered ordering
• Oppose opposed
  opposed opposing
• Pay paid
  paid paying
• Play played
  played playing
• Pray prayed
  prayed praying
• Praise praised
  praised praised
• Preach preached
  preached preaching
• Peep peeped
  peeped peeping
• Plant planted
  planted planting
• Pluck plucked
  plucked plucking
• Prepare prepared
  prepared preparing
• Pull pulled
  pulled pulling
• Prevent prevented
  prevented preventing
• Punish punished
  punished punishing
• Prove proved
  proved proving

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form
  3rd form -ing form
• Push pushed
  pushed pushing
• Plough ploughed
  ploughed ploughing
• Quarrel quarrelled
  quarreled quarreling
• Rain rained
  rained raining
• Reply replied
  replied replying
• Reach reached
  reached reaching
• Receive received
  received receiving
• Refuse refused
  refused refusing
• Rest rested
  rested resting
• Resign resigned
  resigned resigning
• Repair repaired
  repaired repairing
• Remember remembered remembered
  remembering
• Return returned
  returned returning
• Roar roared
  roared roaring
• Say said
  said saying
• Seek sought
  sought seeking

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• Some of the forms of verb are given below-
• There are certain verbs that are same in 2nd and
  3rd form.
• 1st form 2nd form 3rd
  form -ing form
• Save saved
  saved saving
• Saw sawed
  sawed sawing
• Send sent
  sent sending
• Select selected
  selected selecting
• Sleep slept
  slept sleeping
• Stand stood
  stood standing
• Stay stayed
  stayed staying
• Spend spent
  spent spending
• Stop stopped
  stopped stopping
• Sweep swept
  swept sweeping
• Study studied
  studied studying
• Slip slipped
  slipped slipping
• Talk talked
  talked talking
• Tell told
  told telling
• Teach taught
  taught teaching
• Think thought
  thought thinking

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• 1st form 2nd form 3rd
  form -ing form
• Touch touched
  touched touching
• Try tried
  tried trying
• Trust trusted
  trusted trusting
• Use used
  used using
• Understand understood understood
  understanding
• Walk walked
  walked walking
• Wash washed washed
  washing
• Wait waited
  waited waiting
• Weep wept wept
  weeping
• Work worked
  worked working
• Watch watched watched
  watching
• Wish wished
  wished wishing
• Wander wandered wandered
  wandering
• Waste wasted
  wasted wasting
• Wed wedded
  wedded wedding
• Wound wounded wounded
  wounding
• Worship worshipped
  worshipped worshipping
• Wonder wondered
  wondered wondering

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• There are some verbs that are same in all forms.
  Such verbs are-
• 1st form 2nd form 3rd
  form -ing form
• Bid bid
  bid bidding
• Bet bet
  bet betting
• Burst burst
  burst bursting
• Cast cast
  cast casting
• Cost cost
  cost costing
• Cut cut
  cut cutting
• Hurt hurt
  hurt hurting
• Let let
  let letting
• Put put
  put putting
• Read read
  read reading
• Set set
  set setting
• Shed shed
  shed shedding
• Shut shut
  shut shutting
• Spread spread
  spread spreading
• Thrust thrust
  thrust thrusting
• Quit quit
  quit quitting

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