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Title: 11. Building Information Systems


1
6
Chapter
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS
2
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
OBJECTIVES
  • What computer processing and storage capability
    does our organization need to handle its
    information and business transactions?
  • What arrangement of computers and computer
    processing would best benefit our organization?
  • What kinds of software and software tools do we
    need to run our business? What criteria should we
    use to select our software technology?

3
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
OBJECTIVES
  • Of what new software technologies should we be
    aware? How would they benefit our organization?
  • How should we acquire and manage the firms
    hardware and software assets?

4
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
  • The centralization versus decentralization
    debate
  • The application backlog

5
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Hardware Components of a Computer System
6
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
The Computer System
  • bit
  • Binary digit
  • Represents smallest unit of data in the form of
    either 0 or 1
  • byte
  • String of bits, usually eight
  • Stores one number or character

7
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Bits and Bytes
8
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
  • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
  • Manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters
  • Controls other parts of the computer system

9
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
  • Primary Storage
  • Temporarily stores program instructions
  • Data being used by the instructions

10
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
The CPU and Primary Storage
11
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Primary Storage
  • Stores
  • Software program being executed
  • Operating system programs
  • Data being used by program

12
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Primary Storage
  • Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs the
    computers principal logic and arithmetic
    operations
  • Control Unit coordinates and controls the other
    parts of the computer system

13
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Primary Storage
  • RAM Directly accesses any randomly chosen
    location in the same amount of time
  • ROM Semiconductor memory chips with program
    instructions, cannot be written to

14
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Computer Processing
  • Microprocessors and Processing Power
  • Integrated circuit technology
  • Integrates the computers memory, logic, and
    control on a single chip

15
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Computer Processing
  • Parallel Processing
  • Problem broken down into smaller parts
  • Multiple instructions processed simultaneously
    with multiple processors

16
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
Sequential and Parallel Processing
17
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Secondary Storage Technology
  • Magnetic disk Floppy disk, Hard disk
  • Optical disks CD-ROM, DVDs
  • Magnetic tape Inexpensive, older
    secondary-storage medium
  • New storage alternatives Storage Area Networks
    (SANs)

18
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
A Storage Area Network (SAN)
19
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Input and Output Devices
20
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Input and Output Devices
21
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Batch and On-Line Input and Processing
  • Batch processing
  • Transactions accumulated and stored until
    processing
  • On-line processing
  • Transactions are entered directly into computer
    and processed immediately

22
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
A Comparison of Batch and On-line Processing
23
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
STORAGE, INPUT AND OUTPUT TECHNOLOGY
Interactive Multimedia
  • Integrates two or more types of media into a
    computer-based application

24
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Classifying Computers
  • Mainframes Largest computer, massive memory,
    rapid processing power
  • Midrange computers Less powerful, less
    expensive, and smaller than a mainframe
  • Server Provides software and other resources to
    computers over a network

25
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Classifying Computers
  • Minicomputers Middle-range computer, used in
    universities, factories, or research laboratories
  • Server Farm Large group of servers maintained by
    a commercial vendor, available for electronic
    commerce and other activities

26
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Classifying Computers
  • Personal Computer (PC) Small desktop or portable
    computer
  • Workstation Desktop computer with powerful
    graphics and mathematical capabilities
  • Supercomputer Highly sophisticated and powerful,
    performs complex computations

27
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing
  • Distributed processing Distribution of
    processing work among multiple computers
  • Centralized processing Accomplished by one large
    central computer
  • Client/server computing Splits processing
    between clients and servers on network

28
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Client/Server Computing
29
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Types of Client/Server Computing
30
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing
  • Network computer (NC) Simplified desktop
    computer, does not store data permanently
  • Peer-to-peer computing Distributed processing
    that links computers through Internet or private
    networks

31
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
  • Software program Series of statements or
    instructions to the computer
  • System software Generalized programs, manages
    computers resources
  • Application software Programs written to perform
    functions specified by end users

32
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
The Major Types of Software
33
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
  • Operating system
  • System software
  • Manages and controls computer

34
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
  • Functions of the operating system
  • Allocates and assigns system resources
  • Schedules use of computer resources
  • Monitors computer system activities
  • Provides locations in primary memory for data and
    programs
  • Controls the input and output devices

35
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
  • Multiprogramming
  • Executes two or more programs concurrently using
    the same computer
  • CPU executes only one program but services the
    input/output needs of others

36
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Single-Program Execution Versus Multiprogramming
37
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
  • Multitasking
  • Multiprogramming capability of single-user
    operating systems
  • Virtual Storage
  • Handles programs more efficiently by dividing the
    programs into small fixed or variable length

38
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Virtual Storage
39
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
  • Time Sharing
  • Sharing of computer resources by many users
    simultaneously
  • Multiprocessing
  • Executing two or more instructions simultaneously
    in a single computer using multiple central
    processing units

40
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
System Software and PC Operating Systems
  • Language translation and utility
  • software
  • Translates high-level language programs into
    machine language

41
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces
  • GUI
  • Microsofts Windows 98
  • Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)
  • Windows 2000

42
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces
  • Windows XP
  • UNIX
  • Linux

43
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Application Software and Programming Languages
  • Programming languages Consists of 1s and 0s of
    binary code
  • Assembly language Resembles machine language,
    substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes
  • Third-generation languages FORTRAN, COBOL,
    BASIC, Pascal, and C

44
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Assembly language
45
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
FORTRAN
46
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
COBOL
47
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools
  • Fourth-generation language Employed directly by
    end users
  • Natural languages Close to human language

48
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools
  • Query languages Provides immediate on-line
    answers to requests
  • Application software packages and PC software
    tools Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets,
    Data Management Software

49
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Spreadsheet Software
50
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Data Management Software
Figure 6-17
51
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Software for Enterprise Integration Enterprise
Software and Middleware
  • Enterprise software
  • Set of integrated modules
  • Allows data to be used by multiple functions and
    business processes

52
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Software for Enterprise Integration Enterprise
Software and Middleware
  • Middleware
  • Allows two disparate applications to communicate
    to exchange data
  • Web server
  • Manages requests for Web pages on the computer
    where they are stored

53
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Middleware
54
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Software for Enterprise Integration Enterprise
Software and Middleware
  • Enterprise application integration
  • software
  • Ties together multiple applications to support
    enterprise integration

55
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Object-Oriented Programming
  • Object-oriented programming
  • Approach to software development that combines
    data and procedures into a single object
  • Visual programming
  • Construction of software programs by selecting
    and arranging programming objects

56
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Class, subclasses, and overriding
57
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Java
  • Programming language
  • Delivers the software functionality needed for a
    particular task
  • Runs on any computer and operating system

58
Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML
  • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Page
    description language, creates Web pages and other
    hypermedia documents
  • XML (eXtensible Markup Language) General-purpose
    language, supports links to multiple documents,
    used for both Web and non-Web applications

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Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic
Commerce and Digital Firm
  • Capacity planning Process of predicting the
    computing power
  • Scalability Ability of a computer, product, or
    system to expand and to serve without breaking
    down

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Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets
  • Designates the total cost of owning technology
    resources
  • Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware
    and software upgrades, maintenance, technical
    support, and training

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Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Rent or Build Decisions Using Technology Service
Providers
  • On-Line storage service providers
  • Third-party provider
  • Rent out storage space to subscribers over the
    Web
  • Allow customers to store and access data

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Essentials of Management Information
Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software
Assets
HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Rent or Build Decisions Using Technology Service
Providers
  • Application Service Providers (ASPs)
  • Provide software that can be rented by other
    companies
  • Other Types of Service Providers
  • Provide additional resources for helping
    organizations manage their technology assets

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6
Chapter
MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS
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