if someone asks an authority authority meaning in this cas

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1 Appeal To Authority

• Person A is (claimed to be) an authority on
  subject S.
• Person A makes claim C about subject S.
• Therefore, C is true.
• If someone asks an authority (authority meaning
  in this case, an expert) figure a question, it
  could be a fallacy if the person is bias, not an
  expert, or hasnt experienced it.
• For example, a snake specialist at the zoo tells
  George that backpacks weigh too heavy for kids
  to wear and it will ruin their backs in the
  future, and then George believes it.

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8 Appeal to Fear

• Definition Using fear or a threat to persuade
  someone into doing or believing something
• Example "You know, Mr. Conn, I really need to
  get an A in this class. I'd like to stop by
  during your office hours later to discuss my
  grade. I'll be in your building anyways, visiting
  my father. He's your dean, by the way. I'll see
  you later." Brooke Norling

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24 False Dilemma

• False Dilemma is when you claim that one thing is
  true because of something else that is false.
• Example "Look, you are going to have to make up
  your mind. Either you decide that you can afford
  this stereo, or you decide you are going to do
  without music for a while. Chris Rogers

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Division
Zach Kutlow

• The fallacy of Division is committed when a
  person infers that what is true of a whole must
  also be true of its constituents and
  justification for that inference is not provided.

"The ball is blue, therefore the atoms that make
it up are also blue. "Bill lives in a large
building, so his apartment must be large.
"Sodium chloride (table salt) may be safely
eaten. Therefore its constituent elements, sodium
and chloride, may be safely eaten."
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Fallacies In Composition

• By Sarah Riccitelli

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Definition

• Fallacy A misconception resulting from
  incorrect reasoning
• Fallacy In CompositionWhen an assumption is made
  on a whole group, or class of things, based on a
  sample of the characteristics of a few
  individuals.

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Example

• The papers are full of stories about major
  athletes using steroids to win. Athletes simply
  can not compete without using steroids.

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ATHLETES-STEROIDS FALLACY- ACTUAL SITUATION
Athletes
Athletes whouse steroids
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FALLACY
Uncompetitive Athletes (Losers)
Competitive Athletes (Winners)
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Genetic Fallacy

• The origin of a claim or thing is presented.
• The claim is true/(or false) or the thing is
  supported (or discredited).

"Bill claims that 112. However, my parents
brought me up to believe that 11347, so Bill
must be wrong."
Jake Friedman
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Middle Ground
Definition This fallacy is committed when it is
assumed that the middle position between two
extremes must be correct simply because it is the
middle position.
By Kelsey Santamaria
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Example Mr. Jadadadada has a tree in his
backyard. Mrs. Guala says his tree is killing her
petunias so she tells him to cut it down. Mr.
Jadadadada doesnt want to cut down his tree.
Eventually it is decided for only half of Mr.
Jadadadadas tree to be cut down. Since he wants
it and she doesnt, half must be correct because
it is a compromise.
Mr. Jadadadada
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Appeal to Flattery
Jessica Green
Flattery is presented in the place of evidence
for accepting a claim.
Example Wow mom, you look so skinny today, may
I please get a raise in allowance and new rims
for my car?
You look so skinny mom!!!
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Questionable Cause

• By Rachel Prather
• Period 4

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What is a Questionable Cause?

• The general idea behind this fallacy is that it
  is an error in reasoning to conclude that one
  thing causes another simply because the two are
  associated on a regular basis. More formally,
  this fallacy is committed when it is concluded
  that A is the cause of B simply because they are
  associated on a regular basis. The error being
  made is that a causal conclusion is being drawn
  from inadequate evidence.
• (http//www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/question
  able-cause.html)

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For Example

• Little Sally is on myspace and she decides to
  open a bulletin. The bulletin states that if the
  reader doesnt repost it they will have an
  accident. Scoffing at the bulletin, Sally shuts
  off the computer and goes to sleep. The next day
  little Sally crosses the street and gets hit by a
  car and breaks her arm. As soon as she gets home
  from the hospital she reposts the bulletin 100
  times in order to protect herself from further
  accidents.

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Visually

• Little Sally browsing myspace

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Poisoning the Well
Presenting unfavorable information about person A
to person B, who has yet to meet person A, in
order to create a bias
Ex. During a speech or debate, you inform the
audience why the other person is wrong before the
have a chance to speak.
darn
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Biased Sample

• This fallacy is committed when a person draws a
  conclusion about a population from a biased sample

Ex If someone assumes that every Asian is a poor
motor vehicle manipulator after seeing one Asian
involved in an accident.
Hmm, this Asian crashed, so that must mean that
all Asians are bad drivers.
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- When the burden of proof is on the wrong side
of the argument or - When Side A of
an argument uses the lack of evidence for side B
as Side A's evidence
Burden of Proof
Fallacy 19 Chris McIntyre
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Appeal to Emotion
Sam Mohan
Someone manipulates peoples emotions in order to
get them to accept the claim as being true
The new buns burner will turn that blubber into
steel. No longer troubled by your extra
baggage, you can sport your new beautiful buns of
brilliance with a delightful smile. Not only will
you look amazing, but youll feel amazing, as the
eyes of others are drawn to that delicious shake
of steel. The buns burner look great, feel even
better.
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The Gamblers Fallacy

• The Gambler's Fallacy is committed when a person
  assumes that a departure from what occurs on
  average or in the long term will be corrected in
  the short term.

Will is playing against Derrek in a WWII tank
battle game. Derrek has had a great "streak of
luck" and has been killing Will's tanks left and
right with good die rolls. Will, who has a few
tanks left, decides to risk all in a desperate
attack on Derrek. He is a bit worried that Derrek
might wipe him out, but he thinks that since
Derreks luck at rolling has been great Derrek
must be due for some bad dice rolls. Will
launches his attack and Derrek butchers his
forces.
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Personal Attack Fallacy
Pesonal attacks occur when a person supplements
insolent conclusion for evidence when attacking
another person's claim or claims.

Ex. "Jane says that drug use is morally wrong but
she is just a goody-two shoes Christian, so we
dont have to listen to her."
Elisa
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Begging the Questionaka Circular Reasoning

• Giving evidence for a claim by assuming that it
  is true assumption is the evidence. Usually
  follows this form "X is true. The evidence for
  this claim is that X is true.
• "The belief in God is universal. After all,
  everyone believes in God.
• Lauren Zeidler

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Appeal to Authority
Definition- When the person in question is not a
legitimate authority on the subject
Brett Nieman
Example- When Cartman tells everyone to RESPECT
HIS AUTHORITY for no reason
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Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity)

• An appeal to pity is when a person uses a claim
  intended to cause pity instead of real evidence
  as their argument.

"I should receive an 'A' in this class. If I do
not get an 'A' I will not get the internship I
want."
Amelia Meier
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Slippery Slope (Camels Nose)
Definition A fallacy which assumes that taking a
first step will lead to subsequent steps that
cannot be prevented.

• Event X has occurred (or might occur.)
• Therefore event Y will inevitably happen

Example "You can never give anyone a break. If
you do, they'll walk all over you."
By Erik Anderson
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By Evi
The Spotlight Fallacy
Definition
Example
A Spotlight Fallacy is commited when a person
assumes that all persons in a certain group or
race are the same as the members of those
groups who are found in the media.
George Bush is from Texas and he wheres acowboy
hat, he also can not say nuclear! Therefor
everyone in Texas wheres cowboy hats and none
of them can say nuclear!
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Appeal to Common Practice

• Definition When most people do a common action,
  it is used as evidence to support the action or
  practice.
• Example Sure, some people buy into that
  equality crap. However, we know that everyone
  pays women less than men. Its okay, too. Since
  everyone does it, it cant really be wrong.
• Picture Even if everyone is
  cheating on a test, it doesnt make it
  moral or justified.

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Hasty Generalization

• Definition- This fallacy is committed when a
  person draws a conclusion about a population
  based on a sample that is not large enough
• Example- I met a feminist who hated men, so all
  feminists must hate men.

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Straw Man A Fallacy

• Kyle Stewart
• P-4

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Definition

• When a person simply ignores a person's actual
  position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated
  or misrepresented version of that position
• (http//www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/straw-ma
  n.html)

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Example

• Mr. Conn In this class we are going to
  write an essay once a week so you are well
  prepared for the AP test.
• Purposely nameless and faceless student Man, I
  hate writing pointless essays every day.

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Graphic Representation
(http//www-personal.umich.edu/lilyth/cartoon/mrd
id.jpg)
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Appeal to Novelty

• The belief that simply because something is new,
  it is right.

Example Robot dancing is the new hip craze,
therefore it will bring about world peace.
Shealyn Hindenlang
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Special Pleading
imposing standards/beliefs and rules upon
another but considering oneself exempt without an
adequate explanation
Example Please dont harrass, kick, abuse,
caress, poke, prod, molest, ruffle, punch,
pester, bother, or touch the animals. All
touching rights are reserved for me, because I
have magic fingers. Oooooo!
Natalie Lowell
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FallaciesConfusing Cause and Effect

• This fallacy is committed when a person draws the
  conclusion that A is the cause of B simply
  because the events A and B occur together.
• The mistake being made is that the causal
  conclusion is being drawn without adequate
  justification.

Example It is claimed by some people that
severe illness is caused by depression and anger.
After all, people who are severely ill are very
often depressed and angry. Thus, it follows that
the cause of severe illness actually is the
depression and anger. So, a good and cheerful
attitude is key to staying healthy.
By Katie Teare
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Misleading Vividness

• Misleading Vividness is a fallacy in which a very
  small number of particularly dramatic events are
  taken to outweigh a significant amount of
  statistical evidence.

Bill one day I was walking and I tripped and
fell on my face, then a bird came an pooped on
me, then I got stepped on by a very heavy man
with track shoes on (the ones with spikes on the
bottom), then it started to rain and I got really
wet and then I was struck by lightning. So Im
never going to walk again! Bob wow what is the
probability of that, I bet it will never happen
again. I wouldn't worry about it. Bill no way
your crazy man that type of thing could happen to
any one any second.
EXAMPLE
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By Ben Stillinger
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Description of Appeal to Consequences of a Belief

• Definition
• X is true/false because if people did not accept
  X as true/false then there would be negative
  consequences.
• X is true/false because if X is true/false there
  will be positive consequences.
• I wish that X was true/false, therefore X is
  true/ false. This is also known as wishful
  thinking.

• Examples
• I dont think there will be a nuclear war. If I
  believed that, I wouldnt be able to get up in
  the morning. I mean, how depressing.
• I have a great desire for Amelie Mauresmo to be
  the greatest tennis player, therefore, I accept
  her as the greatest tennis player.

Scott Heyman
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...and now its time for
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Relativist
Fallacies!
By Katie McConnell
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FOR
A relativist fallacy occurs when someone rejects
a claim by asserting that the claim may be true
for others.but not necessarily for them.
EXAMPLE
UGH! THE FORCES OF GAVITY MAKE STUFF FALLstuff
like bad skiers like me...ahhh
Well, gravity may affect everything, but it
doesnt affect MEEE
FALLACY!
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Mmmkay Im done.