THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION RESPONSIBLE FOR

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THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION RESPONSIBLE FOR ORGANIZING
THE PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND CONSUMPTION OF
GOODS AND SERVICES
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ECONOMIC EXPANSION
KEY FACTORS

• AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
• PRODUCTIVE SPECIALIZATION
• PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS
• EXPANDED TRAVEL AND TRADE
• WORK WORLD BECAME SEPARATE FROM THE WORLD OF THE
  FAMILY
• COTTAGE INDUSTRIES FLOURISHED AS PERSONS WORKED
  AT JOBS AND IN HOMES PRODUCING MARKET GOODS

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INDUSTRIALIZATION INTRODUCED FIVE NOTABLE CHANGES
TO WESTERN SOCIETIES

• NEW FORMS OF ENERGIES
• STEAM-FUELED MACHINE OPERATION
• CENTRALIZATION OF WORK
• IMPERSONAL FACTORIES REPLACED COTTAGE INDUSTRIES
• MANUFACTURING AND MASS PRODUCTION
• TURNING RAW MATERIALS INTO A WIDE RANGE OF
  PRODUCTS
• SPECIALIZATION
• DIVERSE DIVISION OF LABOR AND LOWER OVERALL SKILL
  REQUIREMENTS
• WAGE LABOR
• WORKING FOR STRANGERS WITH INTENSE SUPERVISION

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THIS HIGH-TECH STUFF CAN DRIVE A GUY CRAZY!

• POSTINDUSTRIAL ECONOMY
• BASED ON SERVICE WORK AND HIGH-TECH
• FROM THE TANGIBLE TO THE INTANGIBLE
• CREATING AND MANIPULATING SYMBOLS IN MODERN
  SOCIETY
• MECHANICAL TO LITERACY SKILLS
• SPEAKING, WRITING, AND COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE
• DECENTRALIZATION OF WORK
• FLEX-TIME, FAX MACHINES, OFFICE ON THE GO

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SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
SUCH EVOLUTION ALSO IMPACTED ECONOMIC SECTORS

• PRIMARY SECTOR
• GENERATION OF RAW MATERIALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
• LOW INCOME COUNTRIES 63 OF ECONOMY
• HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES 4 OF ECONOMY
• SECONDARY SECTOR
• TRANSFORMATION OF RAW MATERIALS INTO MANUFACTURED
  GOODS
• GROWTH RAPID IN ALL INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS OR
  THOSE ENTERING THE PHASE
• TERTIARY SECTOR
• ECONOMY GENERATES SERVICES RATHER THAN GOODS
• LOW INCOME COUNTRIES 22 OF ECONOMY
• HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES 70 OF ECONOMY

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CAPITALISM
WELL, NOT EVERYONE GETS TO LAUGH AS THEY RUN TO
THE BANK! IN AMERICA, YOU HAVE TO GIVE AS YOU
TAKE.

• PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY
• KEY CONCEPT OF CAPITALISM
• PURSUIT OF PERSONAL PROFIT
• SIMPLY A MATTER OF DOING BUSINESS
• FREE COMPETITION
• THE INVISIBLE HAND IS AT WORK SO LEAVE THE
  MARKET ALONE

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• COLLECTIVE OWNERSHIP
• LIMITS THE RIGHT TO OWN PROPERTY
• FORM A CLASSLESS SOCIETY
• PURSUIT OF COLLECTIVE GOALS
• PURSUIT OF PROFITS STANDS AT ODDS
• GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY
• CENTRALLY CONTROLLED ECONOMY
• CONSUMERS SHOULD NOT DRIVE ECONOMY

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CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM

• ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
• GDP IS 13,500.00
• ECONOMIC EQUALITY
• MORE INCOME DISPARITY
• OVERLL WELL-BEING
• A HIGH QUALITY OF LIFE, BUT GREATER DISPARITIES
• PERSONAL FREEDOMS
• ARE THE HEART OF A CAPITALISTIC SYSTEM NEED
  CREATIVE FORCES

• ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
• GDP IS 5,000.00
• ECONOMIC EQUALITY
• LESS INCOME DISPARITY
• OVERALL WELL-BEING
• LOWER STANDARDS OF LIVING, BUT LESS DISPARITY
• PERSONAL FREEDOM
• STRESS IS PLACED UPON FREEDOM FROM BASIC NEEDS

MANY SOCIALIST COUNTY ECONOMIES HAVE FAILED DUE
TO UNDERPRODUCTION, LOW LIVING STANDARDS,
LARGELY INEFFECTIVE CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS, AND
OVERLY RIGID CONTROL OF INFORMATION AND PERSONAL
MOVEMENT.
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THE WORKFORCE

• THE DUAL LABOR MARKET
• PRIMARY LABOR MARKET
• EXTENSIVE BENEFITS TO WORKERS
• SECONDARY LABOR MARKET
• MINIMAL BENEFITS TO WORKERS
• LABOR UNIONS
• ORGANIZED LABOR SEEKING BETTER WAGES AND BENEFITS
  FOR MEMBERS
• DECLINE OF UNIONS
• LOSS OF HIGHLY UNIONIZED JOBS
• CONCESSIONS HAVE INCLUDED DISSOLUTION OF UNIONS
• MANY TEMPORARY WORKERS THESE DAYS

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• TRAITS OF PROFESSIONALS
• THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
• EXTENSIVE SCHOOLING
• SELF-REGULATED TRAINING
• PARTICIPATION IN ASSOCIATIONS
• AUTHORITY OVER CLIENTS
• FOLLOW MY SUGGESTIONS
• ORIENTATION TO COMMUNITY
• NOT THE PAY, BUT THE HELP
• PARAPROFESSIONALS
• NOT ABLE TO CLAIM FULL PROFESSIONAL STATUS
• SELF-EMPLOYMENT
• EARNING A LIVING WITHOUT WORKING FOR A LARGE
  CORPORATION
• WOMEN FIND FREEDOM AND OPPORTUNITY

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UNEMPLOYMENT
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NUMBERS IN 1997, 4.9 OF CIVILIAN WORKFORCE (6.7
MILLION) WERE UNEMPLOYED REGION SOME STATES,
LIKE WEST VIRGINIA AND NEW MEXICO, HAD TWICE THE
NATIONAL AVERAGE RACE AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD AN
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE TWICE AS HIGH AS WHITES (10.0
TO 4.2) DUE TO MORE BLACKS HOLDING SECONDARY
LABOR MARKET JOBS AGE - YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE THE
HIGHEST RATES - YOUNG BLACK MALES HAD THE
HIGHEST (32.4 OF TEENS)
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TO HAVE OR NOT HAVE TECHNICAL EXPERTISETHAT
WILL BE THE QUESTION IN THE FUTURE
COMPUTERS ARE

• DE-SKILLING LABOR
• MACHINES MAKE DECISION-MAKERS OBSOLETE
• MAKING WORK MORE ABSTRACT
• UNDERSTANDING RATHER THAN DOING
• LIMITING WORKSPACE INTERACTION
• ISOLATES WORKERS
• INCREASING CONTROL OVER WORKERS
• ELECTRONIC MONITORS

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AN ORGANIZATION WITH A LEGAL EXISTENCE, INCLUDING
RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES, APART FROM THOSE OF ITS
MEMBERS

• ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION
• IN 1995, GM WAS THE LARGEST
• 199 BILLION IN ASSESTS
• 700,000 EMPLOYEES
• CONGLOMERATES - SEVERAL SMALLER CORPORATIONS
• STRATEGY FOR DIVERSIFYING
• CIGARETTE COMPANIES MAY BE LOOKING TO DO THIS IN
  THE COMING YEARS
• INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES
• SAME NETWORK OF PEOPLE SERVING AS BOARD MEMBERS
  FOR MANY CORPORATIONS
• COMPETITION IS A GREY AREA
• MONOPOLY DOMINATION OF A MARKET BY ONE
  CORPORATION
• OLIGOPOLY DOMINATION OF A MARKET BY A FEW
  CORPORATIONS

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THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION THAT DISTRIBUTES POWER,
SETS A SOCIETYS AGENDA, AND MAKES DECISIONS
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AUTHORITYPOWER THAT PEOPLE PERCEIVE AS
LEGITIMATE, NOT COERCIVE

• TRADITIONAL
• LEGITIMIZED THROUGH TRADITION
• RATIONAL-LEGAL
• LEGITIMIZED THROUGH LAW
• CHARISMATIC
• LEGITIMIZED THROUGH PERSONALITY

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POLITICS HAVE COME A LONG WAY FROM
BEING FAMILY-CENTERED

• HUNTING AND GATHERING
• LIKE FAMILY SPECIALIZED ROLES
• AGRARIAN SOCIETIES
• SMALL ELITE GAINING POWER
• POLITICAL STATES
• RESTRICTED GOVERNING
• MODERN NATION-STATES
• MODERN TECHNOLOGY BROUGHT ABOUT LARGER-SCALE
  POLITICAL SYSTEMS REFERRED TO AS NATION-STATES

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THE MONARCHYRULE BY A SINGLE FAMILY OVER
GENERATIONS

• TYPICAL OF AGRARIAN SOCIETIES
• MODERN EXAMPLE BRITAIN
• ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
• RULERS MONOPOLIZING POWER
• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES
• MODERN-DAY MONARCHIES
• MORE FIGURE HEAD THAN RULER
• POLITICAL PRINCIPLES RULE
• ELECTED OFFICIAL ACTUALLY RULES

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POWER IS EXERCISED BY PEOPLE AS A WHOLE
THE POWER OF THE BALLOT BOX ENSURES SOME AMOUNT
OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION!

• REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
• AUTHORITY IN HANDS OF ELECTED OFFICIALS
• RATIONAL-LEGAL REASONING HAS TIES TO DEMOCRACIES
• USE OF EXTENSIVE BUREAUCRACIES
• EXTENSIVE USE OF NEVER ELECTED PETTY BUREAUCRATS

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AUTHORITARIANISMDENIES POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN
GOVERNMENT
YOU DONT THINK YOU FAUGHT THE WAR TO UPHOLD OUR
MIDDLE-EAST DEMOCRACIES, DID YOU?

• ABSOLUTE MONARCIES
• HEAVY CONTROL
• LITTLE OR NO VOICE IN GOVERNMENT FOR MOST PEOPLE
• GOVERNMENT IS OFTEN INDIFFERENT TO PEOPLES NEEDS
• GOVERNMENT HAS NO LEGAL PROCESS TO REMOVE
  LEADERSHIP
• EXAMPLES SAUDI ARABIA AND KUWAIT
• SOFT AUTHORITARIANISM
• HEAVY-HANDED GOVERNMENT OFFERING A GOOD LIFE TO
  PEOPLE

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EXTENSIVE REGULATION OF PEOPLES LIVES
WALLS CAN BE BUILT TO KEEP PEOPLE IN, AS WELL AS
TO PROTECT THEM FROM EXTERNAL INFLUENCES.

• CLOSE MONITORING OF PEOPLE
• MASSIVE AND PROTECTED EFFORTS TO COLLECT HUGE
  AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION ON POPULACE
• PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED TO ADHERE TO GOVERNMENT
  WISHES AND ARE DENIED BASIC AND HUMAN RIGHTS
• GOVERNMENT INDOCTRINATION BEGINS AT AN EARLY AGE

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POLITICS IN AMERICACONCERNS AND ISSUES
ITS FAR FROM A PERFECT SYSTEM

• CULTURAL TIES
• AMERICAS BILL OF RIGHTS
• THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
• LIBERAL TO CONSERVATIVE
• ECONOMIC ISSUES
• DIFFERENCE OF OPINIONS
• SOCIAL ISSUES
• THE VALUE ISSUES DEBATE
• MIXED POSITIONS
• RACE AND MONEY TALK
• PARTY IDENTIFICATION
• WHY JUST TWO PARTIES?

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GETTING POSITIONS HEARD AND UNDERSTOOD

• SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
• POLITICAL ALLIANCE OF PEOPLE INTERESTED IN SOME
  ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL ISSUE
• THE NRA, AARP, AFL-CIO, ETC.
• POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES
• ORGANIZATIONS FORMED BY SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS,
  INDEPENDENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES, TO PURSUE
  POLITICAL AIMS BY RAISING AND SPENDING MONEY

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SOME THEORETICAL ANALYSISEXPLAINING POLITICAL
POWER
YOU MEAN, I REALLY DONT HAVE A REAL SAY IN MY
OWN GOVERNMENT?

• PLURALIST MODEL
• POWER IS DISPERSED AMONG MANY COMPETING INTERESTS
  GROUPS
• THE POWER-ELITE MODEL
• REAL POWER IS CONCENTRATED AMONG THE VERY RICH
  IN AMERICA
• CAN THE WEALTHIEST IN AMERICA EVER ENCOUNTER
  PRESSURE TO NOT ACT IN THEIR OWN BEST INTERESTS?
• MARXIST MODEL
• POWER IS DIVIDED ALONG THE LINES OF A POLITICAL
  ECONOMY
• BIAS IS ROOTED WITHIN THE NATIONS SOCIAL
  INSTITUTIONS
• REVOLUTION IS THE ONLY ANSWER

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THE OVERTHROW OF A POLITICAL ORDER IN ORDER TO
ESTABLISH A NEW ONE
REVOLUTIONS SHARE COMMON TRAITS

• RISING EXPECTATIONS
• WHEN QUALITY OF LIFE IS IMPROVING, PEOPLE WANT
  MORE AND ARE LESS WILLING TO WAIT
• UNRESPONSIVE GOVERNMENT
• DEGREE OF WILLINGNESS AND ABILTY TO REFORM TO
  MEET DEMANDS OF PEOPLE
• RADICAL LEADERSHIP BY INTELLECTUALS
• REVOLUTION IS OFTEN UNIVERSITY CENTERED
• ESTABLISHING NEW LEGITIMACY
• GUARDING AGAINST ATTEMPTS TO COUNTER THE
  REVOLUTION

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TERRORISM

• VIOLENCE, OR THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE, EMPLOYED BY
  AN INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP AS A POLITICAL STRATEGY
• STATE TERRORISM
• USE OF VIOLENCE, GENERALLY WITHOUT SUPPORT OF
  LAW, AGAINST INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS BY A
  GOVERNMENT OR ITS AGENTS

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FACTORS PROMOTING WAR

• PERCEIVED THREATS
• THREATS TO PEOPLE AND TERRITORY
• SOCIAL PROBLEMS
• INTERNAL PROBLEMS AND FRUSTRATION
• POLITICAL OBJECTIVES
• SHOW OF FORCE AND PROTECTING ONES OWN PROPERTY
• MORAL OBJECTIVES
• RALLYING PEOPLE AROUND MORALITY
• ABSENCE OF ALTERNATIVES
• LIMITED OPTIONS

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DEATHS OF AMERICANS
In Various U.S. Wars
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
CIVIL WAR
WWI
WWII
KOREAN
VIET NAM
PERSIAN GULF WAR
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Number of Dead
Various Sources by Vinovskis and Macionis, 1989
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COSTS ARE OFTEN FOUND WELL BEYOND THE
BATTLEFIELDS AND LONG AFTER THE WAR

• 5 TRILLION SPENT ANNUALLY
• 1,000.00 FOR EVERY PERSON ON EARTH
• ANOTHER BILLION HERE, ANOTHER MILLION THERE...
• HOW MUCH SUFFERING GOES ON BECAUSE NEEDED FUNDS
  MUST BE DIVERTED?
• THE POLITICS OF WAR
• MILITARY INDUSTRAIL COMPLEX
• THE CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE FEDERAL
  GOVERNMENT, THE MILITARY, AND THE DEFENSE
  INDUSTRY
• FOLLOW THE MONEY AND THE CAREERS OF PENTAGON
  OFFICIALS AFTER THEY LEAVE THE MILITARY AS SEE
  WHERE THE TWO END UP!
• NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• ARE THINGS ESCALATING AGAIN WITH THE CHANCE OF
  SUCH WEAPONS BEING USED BY 3RD WORLD MILITARIES?
• PAKISTAN AND INDIA

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REDUCING CHANCES FOR WAR AND INCREASING CHANCES
OF PEACE

• DETERRENCE
• BALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN SOCIETIES
• HIGH-TECHNOLOGY DEFENSE
• STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
• DIPLOMACY AND DISARMAMENT
• KEEP TALKING ABOUT REDUCING ARMS
• RESOLVING UNDERLYING CONFLICT
• INCREASE SPENDING ON PROMOTING PEACE RATHER THAN
  BUILDING UP MILITARY

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