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The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century

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Title: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century


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The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century
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  • Most of the arable land was divided into a few
    large fields, which was then cut up into long
    narrow strips and farmed jointly by people in
    the community. Usually much of the land was left
    fallow because they were attempting to keep from
    depleting the soil. Common land was set-aside for
    people to graze their animals usually shepherds
    watched these animals while their owners worked
    the fields.

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  • New discoveries and improvements in agriculture
    caused the larger landholders to want to enclose
    their fields. They were using new cover cover
    crops, crops that produced more nitrogen, contour
    tillage. They were also experimenting with
    different crops in different types of soils.
    Also, these new crops were ideal feed for
    animals. As animal herds grew, the amount of
    manure grew, which provided more fertilize. They
    would never get all the villagers to agree to his
    new way, so they simply closed their lands off.

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  • Modern agriculture innovation began in Holland.
    Because this area was so heavily populated, the
    Dutch from the Middle Ages onward had learned to
    maximize crop output by draining wetlands,
    building dikes. Also, the growing Dutch cities
    provided markets for Dutch peasants to sell their
    wares. This caused peasantry to the innovative
    and learn how to maximize the output of their
    lands.
  • The English put these innovations to use
  • Turnips were introduced as a root crop for
    fertilize.
  • English fens were drained and brought under
    cultivation.
  • New inventions like the seed drill improved
    fertility.
  • Selective breeding began to produce fatter
    animals.
  • Horses began to be used for plowing rather than
    oxen.

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  • Enclosure was the fencing off of land. Wealthy
    landowners wanted to maximize the potential
    profits of their land, and they couldnt do this
    by sharing. They were also, very often, MPs or
    connected to members of parliament. They got laws
    passed which forced the division of lands. Many
    poor peasant families did lose their lands
    through these measures.
  • However, the process was so gradual that there
    was often opportunity for the landless laborers
    to adjust. Usually they worked for the tenant
    farmers, men who rented land on a large scale and
    sold their proceeds for a nice profit. These men
    hired out the landless peasantry on the farms,
    since the methods of cultivation would require
    more labor.
  • All in all, enclosure was a step forward for more
    productive farming.

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  • Basically a decreasing death rate was
    responsible. Europeans had always had a pretty
    constant birthrate. The disappearance of the
    plague, stricter quarantine measures, and the
    eventual elimination of the black rat by the
    brown rat had lessened the impact of disease.
  • Better agriculture methods led to longer
    lifespan.
  • Improved sanitation promoted better public health.

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  • Better quarantine methods and an understanding of
    the relationship between rats and the disease.

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  • See number 5

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  • This involved rural workers producing cloth in
    their own homes for merchant-capitalists, who
    provided the raw materials and paid for the
    finished goods. This system grew because A) there
    was lots of rural labor, since the enclosure
    movements had driven many small farmers out, and
    B) it was cheap.

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  • For the capitalists, it was cheap labor.
    Unfortunately, it was hard to control the quality
    of the cloth.
  • For the workers, it was steady work but it didnt
    pay well. Also a major problem was always that
    there werent enough spinners to make yarn for
    the weavers. In addition, there were no
    guarantees from the investor.

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  • Mercantilism is a system of economic regulations
    aimed at increasing the power of the state,
    mainly by creating a favorable balance of trade.
    In England particularly, government regulations
    served the interests of private individuals.
  • A)It clearly was a cause of war especially in
    North America and India, since mercantilism
    depended on colonial raw materials and markets.
    Colonial possessions became a must.
  • B)Since Englands colonies in America, India, and
    the Caribbean could only trade with England,
    English merchants and manufacturers grew wealthy.

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  • See chart

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  • The American colonist s benefited in the sense
    that American shipbuilding boomed, especially in
    New England. There was a guaranteed market for
    American goods (raw materials) in England and
    other English colonies.
  • However, mercantilism had a negative
    sidecolonists were forced to buy finished goods
    from British manufacturers at high prices. They
    were also forbidden from producing certain goods
    in the colonies, which would hurt English
    domestic production. This all began to produce
    resentment in the colonies.

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  • The creoles were the dominant landowners,
    pureblooded whites who were aspiring to European
    like aristocracy. The mestizos were racially
    mixed peoples, who formed a class that could
    aspire to become as powerful as the creoles. The
    Indians formed the peasant class, and steadily
    came under the control of the creole class.
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