CMCCC A Paradigms for Interaction

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CMC/CC AParadigms for Interaction

• Master IK, CIW, MMI
• L.M. Bosveld-de Smet
• Hoorcollege 3 ma. 18 sept. 2006 16.00-18.00

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Paradigms for designing usable interactive systems

• Primary objective of interactive system
• Allow user to achieve particular goals in some
  application domain
• Two open questions for designers
• How can an interactive system be developed to
  ensure its usability?
• How can the usability of an interactive system be
  demonstrated or measured?
• Succesful interactive systems
• Enhance usability
• Serve as paradigms

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15 paradigms

• Principal historical advances in interaction
  designs since mainframe technology

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1.Time-sharing systems

• 1960s explosion of growth in computing power
• Licklider (ARPA)
• Truly interactive exchange between programmer and
  computer
• Real human-computer interaction

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Time-sharing system
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2. Video Display Units (1)

• Mid 1950s SAGE project (US Air Force)

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Video Display Units (2)

• 1962 Ivan Sutherland, Sketchpad
• Computer can do more than merely data processing
• Contribution of one creative mind

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3. Programming Toolkits

• 1960s Douglas Engelbart
• augmenting mans intellect
• NLS oNLineSystem
• Pioneering computer system mouse, graphical
  display, writing machine

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4. Personal Computing

• 1970s emergence of computing power aimed at the
  masses
• Using the computer becomes available to any one
• Seymour Papert LOGO
• Mid 1970s Alan Kay (PARC) Smalltalk

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LOGO programming language
forward 50 right 90 forward 50 right 90
forward 50 right 90 forward 50 right 90
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Typical Smalltalk display
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5. Window Systemsand WIMP interface
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6. Metaphor

• Spreadsheet metaphor
• Ex. travel planning assistent

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7. Direct Manipulation (1)

• 1982 Shneiderman
• Graphics-based interactive systems
• Attractive features
• Visibility of objects of interest
• Incremental action at the interface with rapid
  feedback on all actions
• Reversibility of all actions (exploration is not
  punished)
• Syntactic correctness of all actions (every user
  action is legal)
• Replacement of complex command languages with
  actions to manipulate directly visible objects

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Direct Manipulation (2)

• 1984 Macintosh PC by Apple Computer, Inc.
• Ed Hutchins, Jim Hollan, Donald Norman
  model-world metaphor
• No intermediary between user and world of
  interest
• Direct engagement
• The interface is the system
• Widgets are interaction objects
• WYSIWYG paradigm is related to DM paradigm

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8. Language paradigm

• Advantageous for generic and repeatable
  procedures
• 2 interpretations
• Interface need not perform much translation
• Interface is an agent
• Action and language paradigms programming by
  example

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9. Hypertext

• 1945 Vannevar Bush As We May Think
• MEMEX
• Random associative links between pieces of
  knowledge
• Mid 1960s Ted Nelson Xanadu
• Worldwide publishing and IR system
• Non-linear and associative linking schemes

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10. Multimodality
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11. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (1)

• 1960s first computer networks
• Reconnection to workstations
• in immediate working environment
• Throughout the world
• CSCW systems allow interaction between humans via
  the computer
• Ex. Electronic mail

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Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (2)
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12. World Wide Web

• Built on top of internet
• Predominantly graphical interface to information
• 1989 Tim Berners-Lee
• Free access to information and virtual social
  environment

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13. Agent-based interfaces

• Aspects of both actions and language paradigm
• Email agents
• Web crawlers
• Agents act on users behalf
• Agent acts within world user could also act upon

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14. Ubiquitous Computing

• Late 1980s Mark Weiser
• Moving human-computer interaction away from the
  desktop
• Think of computing technology in different sizes
• Pocket-sized electronic bible
• Stanford Interactive mural

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Electronic bible
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Interactive Mural
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15. Sensor-based and Context-aware interaction

• Interaction gets implicit nature
• There is no conscious interaction anymore