Ignatius of Loyola

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Ignatius of Loyola
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Early History

• Born 1491 to a noble Basque family at the castle
  of Loyola, youngest of 13 children
• Mother died when he was young he was tonsured
  but rejected a religious life
• Age 16 sent to court
• In 1521 (age 30) defended the town of Pamplona
  against the French as an officer and was wounded
  in both legs by a cannon ball
• Severe problems with recuperation, required
  multiple procedures from which he almost died
  eventually healed but he walked with a limp

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Conversion

• During recuperation read several books on life of
  Christ, lives of the Saints
• had a vision of Mary and Jesus which left him at
  peace
• Left home in 1522 to do pilgrimage to Jerusalem
• At Montserrat on the way to Barselona he made a
  general confession, gave up his belongings
• At Manresa he lived in a cave for 10 months,
• praying, working in a hospice and raising alms
  for the poor, doing severe ascetic practices
• had a vision/mystical experience experienced
  severe spiritual struggles
• began working on Spiritual Exercises

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Development

• Made pilgrimage to Holy Land
• At age 33, went back to school two years later
  began studies at University of Alcala, later
  University of Salamanca
• gathered a group of students
• attracted attention of Inquisition and the
  Dominicans for his teaching, in prison on a
  couple of occasions
• Moved to University of Paris
• gathered another group of students who included
  Francis Xavier vowed to make a pilgrimage
• ordained a priest, received M.A. in 1535

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Founding of the Order

• Plans for second pilgrimage were blocked
• In 1538 went to place himself at disposal of the
  Pope
• Mystical experience at La Storta vision of God
  promising him success
• Put to work teaching and preaching
• In 1540 approval granted to form a new order, the
  Company (Society) of Jesus
• Elected General of the order in 1541
• Had chronic stomach problems died 1556 of a fever

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The Spiritual Exercises
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Development

• Began work on them as notes at Manresa
• Began teaching them when he was at University,
  probably first in book form at Salamanca in 1527
• Given official approval in 1548
• Goal of the exercises to discover the will of God
  for oneself and follow it

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Summary

• General info
• Intended as a general system of examination,
  meditation, contemplation, prayer and other
  spiritual activities which can be tailored for
  the individual depending on their level of
  development
• Intended to be done intensively under sensitive
  supervision/direction
• Could be used by any serious Christian

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Summary (cont.)

• Structure of exercises
• Prayer ask the grace of God our Lord that all
  my intentions, actions and operations may be
  directed purely to the service and praise of His
  Divine Majesty.
• Preludes
• Compose and see the setting
• Ask God our Lord for what we want and desire
• Specific exercise
• Colloquy Imagining a conversation with a
  person. e.g. Christ on the cross or a meditation
  on a topic
• Concluding Our Father

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Summary (cont.)

• First Week Consideration and contemplation of
  sins
• General and (3X) daily examen of conscience
  failings, places for improvement, progress
• General confession, best done at the end of the
  first week
• Meditation on Sins and Hell
• Consideration of penance

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Summary (cont.)

• Second Week Life of Christ to Palm Sunday
• Call of the King
• The Two Standards
• Meditations on the Incarnation, Nativity
• Meditations on humility, election, personal reform

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Summary (cont.)

• Third Week Passion of Christ
• Contemplations on Passion events
• Notes on Fasting

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Summary (cont.)

• Fourth Week Resurrection and Ascension of
  Christ
• Contemplations on events
• Contemplation to gain love
• Notes on three methods of prayer
• Preparation Consideration of
• Ten commandments
• Seven deadly sins
• Powers of the soul and senses
• Contemplating words of the prayer
• Rhythm breathing

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Summary (cont.)

• General Rules and Notes
• Notes on Gospel scenes for meditation
• Discernment
• Almsgiving
• Scruples
• True Sentiment in the Church

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Second Week, First DayChrist the King

• THE CALL OF THE TEMPORAL KING
• IT HELPS TO CONTEMPLATE THE LIFE OF THE KING
  ETERNAL
• Prayer. Let the Preparatory Prayer be the usual
  one.
• First Prelude. The first Prelude is a
  composition, seeing the place it will be here to
  see with the sight of the imagination, the
  synagogues, villages and towns through which
  Christ our Lord preached.

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Christ the King (cont.)

• Second Prelude. The second, to ask for the grace
  which I want it will be here to ask grace of our
  Lord that I may not be deaf to His call, but
  ready and diligent to fulfill His most Holy Will.
• First Point. The first Point is, to put before me
  a human king chosen by God our Lord, whom all
  Christian princes and men reverence and obey.
• Second Point. The second, to look how this king
  speaks to all his people, saying "It is my Will
  to conquer all the land of unbelievers.

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Christ the King (cont.)

• Therefore, whoever would like to come with me is
  to be content to eat as I, and also to drink and
  dress, etc., as I likewise he is to labor like
  me in the day and watch in the night, etc., that
  so afterwards he may have part with me in the
  victory, as he has had it in the labors."
• Third Point. The third, to consider what the good
  subjects ought to answer to a King so liberal and
  so kind, and hence, if any one did not accept the
  appeal of such a king, how deserving he would be
  of being censured by all the world, and held for
  a mean-spirited knight.

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Christ the King (cont.)

• IN PART 2--The second part of this Exercise
  consists in applying the above parable of the
  temporal King to Christ our Lord, conformably to
  the three Points mentioned.
• First Point. And as to the first Point, if we
  consider such a call of the temporal King to his
  subjects, how much more worthy of consideration
  is it to see Christ our Lord, King eternal, and
  before Him all the entire world, which and each
  one in particular He calls, and says "It is My
  will to conquer all the world and all enemies and
  so to enter into the glory of My Father
  therefore, whoever would like to come with Me is
  to labor with Me, that following Me in the pain,
  he may also follow Me in the glory."

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Christ the King (cont.)

• Second Point. The second, to consider that all
  those who have judgment and reason will offer
  their entire selves to the labor.
• Third Point. The third, those who will want to be
  more devoted and signalise themselves in all
  service of their King Eternal and universal Lord,
  not only will offer their persons to the labor,
  but even, acting against their own sensuality and
  against their carnal and worldly love, will make
  offerings of greater value and greater
  importance, saying

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Christ the King (cont.)

• "Eternal Lord of all things, I make my
  oblation with Thy favor and help, in presence of
  Thy infinite Goodness and in presence of Thy
  glorious Mother and of all the Saints of the
  heavenly Court that I want and desire, and it is
  my deliberate determination, if only it be Thy
  greater service and praise, to imitate Thee in
  bearing all injuries and all abuse and all
  poverty of spirit, and actual poverty, too, if
  Thy most Holy Majesty wants to choose and receive
  me to such life and state."

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Christ the King (cont.)

• First Note. This Exercise will be made twice in
  the day namely, in the morning on rising and an
  hour before dinner or before supper.
• Second Note. For the Second Week and so on, it is
  very helpful to read at intervals in the books of
  the Imitation of Christ, or of the Gospels, and
  of lives of Saints.

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Second Week, Fourth DayThe Two Standards

• THE FOURTH DAY--MEDITATION ON TWO STANDARDS
• The one of Christ, our Commander-in-chief and
  Lord the other of
• Lucifer, mortal enemy of our human nature.
• Prayer. The usual Preparatory Prayer.
• First Prelude. The First Prelude is the
  narrative. It will be here how Christ calls and
  wants all under His standard and Lucifer, on the
  contrary, under his.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• Second Prelude. The second, a composition, seeing
  the place. It will be here to see a great field
  of all that region of Jerusalem, where the
  supreme Commander-in-chief of the good is Christ
  our Lord another field in the region of Babylon,
  where the chief of the enemy is Lucifer.
• Third Prelude. The third, to ask for what I want
  and it will be here to ask for knowledge of the
  deceits of the bad chief and help to guard myself
  against them, and for knowledge of the true life
  which the supreme and true Captain shows and
  grace to imitate Him.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• Imagining Lucifers kingdom
• First Point. The first Point is to imagine as if
  the chief of all the enemy seated himself in that
  great field of Babylon, as in a great chair of
  fire and smoke, in shape horrible and terrifying.
• Second Point. The second, to consider how he
  issues a summons to innumerable demons and how he
  scatters them, some to one city and others to
  another, and so through all the world, not
  omitting any provinces, places, states, nor any
  persons in particular.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• Third Point. The third, to consider the discourse
  which he makes them, and how he tells them to
  cast out nets and chains that they have first to
  tempt with a longing for riches -- as he is
  accustomed to do in most cases -- that men may
  more easily come to vain honor of the world, and
  then to vast pride. So that the first step shall
  be that of riches the second, that of honor the
  third, that of pride and from these three steps
  he draws on to all the other vices.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• So, on the contrary, one has to imagine as to the
  supreme and true Captain, Who is Christ our Lord.
• First Point. The first Point is to consider how
  Christ our Lord puts Himself in a great field of
  that region of Jerusalem, in lowly place,
  beautiful and attractive.
• Second Point. The second, to consider how the
  Lord of all the world chooses so many persons --
  Apostles, Disciples, etc., -- and sends them
  through all the world spreading His sacred
  doctrine through all states and conditions of
  persons.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• Third Point. to consider the discourse which
  Christ our Lord makes to all His servants and
  friends whom He sends on this expedition,
  recommending them to want to help all, by
  bringing them first to the highest spiritual
  poverty, and -- if His Divine Majesty would be
  served and would want to choose them -- no less
  to actual poverty the second is to be of
  contempt because from these two things humility
  follows. So that there are to be three steps
• the first, poverty against riches
• the second contempt against worldly honor
• the third, humility against pride. And from these
  three steps let them induce to all the other
  virtues.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• First Colloquy. One Colloquy to Our Lady, that
  she may get me grace from Her Son and Lord that I
  may be received under His standard and
• first in the highest spiritual poverty, and -- if
  His Divine Majesty would be served and would want
  to choose and receive me -- not less in actual
  poverty
• second, in suffering contumely and injuries, to
  imitate Him more in them, if only I can suffer
  them without the sin of any person, or
  displeasure of His Divine Majesty and with that
  a Hail Mary.

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The Two Standards (cont.)

• Second Colloquy. I will ask the same of the Son,
  that He may get it for me of the Father and with
  that say the Soul of Christ.
• Third Colloquy. I will ask the same of the
  Father, that He may grant it to me and say an
  Our Father.
• Note. This Exercise will be made at midnight and
  then a second time in the morning, and two
  repetitions of this same will be made at the hour
  of Mass and at the hour of Vespers, always
  finishing with the three Colloquies, to Our Lady,
  to the Son, and to the Father and that on The
  Pairs which follows, at the hour before supper.