Sacred Architecture

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Sacred Architecture

• By Tim Howell, Brian Peart, josh sears

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Hellenism
The word Hellenism is a derivation from the Greek
word Ellinismos.

• In the first, the Doric order, the columns are
  fluted and have no base. The capitals are
  composed of two parts consisting of a flat slab,
  the abacus, and a cushion-like slab known as the
  echinus. On the capital rests the entablature,
  which is made up of three parts the architrave,
  the frieze, and the cornice.

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Helenism Continued

• The architrave is typically undecorated except
  for a narrow band to which are attached pegs,
  known as guttae. On the frieze are alternating
  series of triglyphs (three bars) and metopes,
  stone slabs frequently decorated with relief
  sculpture. The pediment, the triangular space
  enclosed by the gables at either end of the
  building, was often adorned with sculpture, early
  on in relief and later in the round.

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Islam

• The Islamic conquest of North Africa saw Islamic
  architecture develop in the region, including
  such famous structures as the Cairo Citadel.
• South of the Sahara, Islamic influence was a
  major contributing factor to architectural
  development from the time of the Kingdom of
  Ghana. At Kumbi Saleh, locals lived in domed
  huts, but traders had stone houses. Sahelian
  architecture initially grew from the two cities
  of Djenné and Timbuktu. The Sanskore Mosque in
  Timbuktu, constructed from mud on timber, was
  similar in style to the Great Mosque of Djenné.
  The rise of kingdoms in the West African coastal
  region produced architecture which drew instead
  on indigenous traditions, utilising wood. The
  famed Benin City, destroyed by the Punitive
  Expedition, was a large complex of homes in
  coursed mud, with hipped roofs of shingles or
  palm leaves. The Palace had a sequence of
  ceremonial rooms, and was decorated with brass
  plaques.

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Islam Continued

• Many forms of Islamic architecture have evolved
  in different regions of the Islamic world.
  Notable Islamic architectural types include the
  early Abbasid buildings, T-type mosques, and the
  central-dome mosques of Anatolia. The oil-wealth
  of the 20th century drove a great deal of mosque
  construction using designs from leading
  non-Muslim modern architects and promoting the
  careers of important contemporary Muslim
  architects.

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Islam Still Continued

• Arab-plan or hypostyle mosques are the earliest
  type of mosques, pioneered under the Umayyad
  Dynasty. These mosques are square or rectangular
  in plan with an enclosed courtyard and a covered
  prayer hall. Historically, because of the warm
  Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the
  courtyard served to accommodate the large number
  of worshipers during Friday prayers. Most early
  hypostyle mosques have flat roofs on top of
  prayer halls, necessitating the use of numerous
  columns and supports. One of the most notable
  hypostyle mosques is the Mezquita in Córdoba,
  Spain, as the building is supported by over 850
  columns. Frequently, hypostyle mosques have outer
  arcades so that visitors can enjoy some shade.
  Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under
  the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties subsequently,
  however, the simplicity of the Arab plan limited
  the opportunities for further development, and as
  a result, these mosques gradually fell out of
  popularity.
• The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in
  the 15th century and have a large dome centered
  over the prayer hall. In addition to having one
  large dome at the center, there are often times
  smaller domes that exist off-center over the
  prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque,
  where prayer is not performed. This style was
  heavily influenced by the Byzantine religious
  architecture with its use of large central domes.

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Sources

• didyma5
• http//www.kelt.com/hippo/travels/turkey/didyma.ht
  ml
• sketch
• http//intranet.arc.miami.edu/rjohn/ARC267_2005/Io
  nic_2005.htm
• 2
• http//armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/arts_of_armen
  ia/detail/002.asp
• ph01
• http//www.fhw.gr/chronos/06/gr/culture/501archite
  cture.html
• jacobs_well
• http//www.atlastours.net/holyland/nablus.html

8
Sources Continued

• armenia_479a_garnitemple2
• http//7is7.com/otto/travel/photos/20040617/armeni
  a_479a_garnitemple2.html
• islam11
• http//www.sunna.info/souwar/img518.htm
• pionty roundish things
• http//www.soas.ac.uk/gallery/Previous/architectur
  e.html
• mosque
• http//www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050828/spectrum
  /main3.htm
• malaysiamosque
• http//www.muhajabah.com/islamicblog/archives/veil
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• info
• wikipedidia.org