Cognitive Psychology

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Cognitive Psychology
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The Black Box
Stimulus
Response
The Black Box of the Behaviorists
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The Black Box Revealed!
Stimulus
motivation
s c h e m a
Response
STM
imagery
LTM
MIND
perception
computer
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Kohlers Apes

• Stranded on Tenerife during WWI
• studied instances of problem solving which
  required restructuring of the situation
• i.e. banana out of reach

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Antecedents

• Descartes (rationalist)
• mind-body duality
• rational mind - mechanical body (reflex arc)
• Locke (empiricist)
• sensory experience the only reliable source of
  knowledge
• Kant
• attempted to reconcile the rationalist/empiricist
  points of view
• active mind - affected by outside stimuli

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Key Features of Cognitive Science

• Representations
• symbols, rules, images
• De-emphasis on Affect, Context, Culture, History
• Interdisciplinary
• input from Neuroscience, Psychology,
  Anthropology, Linguistics, Philosophy and
  Artificial Intelligence
• Rooted in Classical Philosophical Problems
• Computer model
• input, processing, output

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Knowledge Representation

• Knowledge is posited as a variety of mental
  representations, including propositions,
  productions, and images.
• Propositions -- smallest information unit,
  knowing about something -- declarative knowledge.
• Productions-- procedural knowledge, knowing how
  to do something.
• Production systems -- similar to S-R
  chains--several productions linked.

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Key Elements

• Learning is an active process
• Brain functions influence learning
• Memory can be modelled as information storage
• Individual differences should be considered when
  designing learning processes

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Brain functions influence learning

• Synapses
• Three Brains
• Two halves
• Brain waves

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Encoding and Storage

• Perception
• Attention
• Meaning
• Elaboration
• Organization
• Spread of Activation
• Schemata

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Scripts

• The Restaurant script
• Roles (customer, waiter/ress, cashier
• props (menu, food, check, tip)
• activities (ordering food, paying bill)
• script varied ie fast food vs five star

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Individual differences

• Learning Styles
• Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• Zennheusers Theory of Meaning vs Automatic

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Multiple Intelligence

• Linguistic
• Visual/Spatial
• Interpersonal
• Bodily/kinesthetic
• Logical/Mathmatical
• Musical
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalistic

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Applications of Cognitivism

• Ausubel - Advance organizers -- anchoring
  mechanisms for subsuming new knowledge
• Elaboration - provide analogies or carry out
  discussions to encourage students to link old to
  new knowledge
• Embedded questions used to elicit association
  with previous knowledge
• Compare and contrast to encourage deep processing
• Dialog
• Spatial or concept mapping

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Applications of Cognitivism

• Novice to expert--instructional activities
  matched to learner's cognitive state.
• Other mathemagenic activities--Processing
  initiated via supplied lesson processing
  activities
• Other generative activities
• note-taking
• mnemonic aids
• outlining

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Gagnes Events of Instruction

• gain attention
• inform learner of the objective
• stimulate recall of prior learning
• present the stimulus
• provide learner guidance
• elicit performance
• provide feedback
• assess performance
• enhance retention and transfer