Moving Towards Zero Emissions Bus Technology

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Moving Towards Zero Emissions Bus Technology
Advanced Transportation
Technologies
Clean Transportation Solutions SM
Zero Emission Bus Technology
Session CTA/CalACT 2008 Conference-Monterey Fred
Silver-Vice President CALSTART November 7, 2008
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Mission Statement

• CALSTART is a unique non-profit, member-supported
  organization dedicated to the growth of an clean
  transportation technologies industry that will
• Create high-quality jobs
• Clean the air
• Reduce dependence on foreign oil and
• Prevent global warming

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SAVE THE DATES!Upcoming CALSTART Conferences

• !
• Target 2030 Conference January 2009,
  Sacramento, CA
• New conference focusing on a comprehensive,
  integrated approach to transportation energy
  solutions and climate change action exhibits
• Clean Heavy Duty Vehicle Conference 2009
  March 16-18, Long Beach, CA
• Annual conference on clean technologies and fuels
  for heavy duty vehicles and buses looks at
  multiple fuels, technologies ride and drive,
  exhibits

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The New Strike Zone in Transit Bus Technology
Air Quality Criteria Emissions
Balances all three competing needs
Integrated Solutions Needed
Climate Change And your Carbon Footprint
Energy Efficiency and Security
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Agenda

• Pathways for Zero Emission Buses
• More Electric and Efficient Bus
• A Hydrogen Transit Fleet
• More Sustainable Fuels
• National Fuel Cell Bus Programs in California
• What and how are a group of 8 transit properties
  viewing these pathways in California
• Zero-emissions Transit Users Group (Z-TUG)

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FTA Requested CALSTART Explore H2 Technology
Strategy and Greater Electrification of Buses

• CALSTART/FTA Publication A Strategic Pathway to
  Hydrogen Fueled Powertrains for Light Medium and
  Heavy-Duty Vehicles December 2006
• Focus on multiple paths
• Identify near-term solutions that move industry
  forward
• Evolutionary approach to enable hydrogen economy
• CALSTART Recently Administered Electric Drive
  Strategic Plan Bus Committee
• Identified pathways for increasing
  electrification and more efficient vehicles

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Evolutionary Technology Pathway Towards Hydrogen
Bus
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Increasing Levels of Electrification
Battery Electric
More
Fuel Cell
Full Hybrid
Mild Electrification
Energy Storage
Plug In Bus
Full Plug In Hybrid
Fuel Cell Full Hybrid
Full Parallel and Series Hybrid
Full Parallel and Series Hybrid with
E-Accessories
Mild Hybrid i.e. ISAM
Aux Syste ms
Less
3.65 MPGE
12-15 MPGE
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Preview of the Electric Drive Strategic Plan at
APTA Exposition in San Diego 10/7/08

• Purpose Defines FTA research needs and specific
  projects through 2014 that will result in the
  industry meeting the following objectives and
  roadmap
• Key Bus Objectives 2030
• Vehicle Efficiency Quadruples to 12-15 mpge
• Emissions are Zero and Near Zero with a minimum
  of 50 less than 2010 standards
• Key Priorities
• Energy Storage, Electrification of Accessories,
  Bus Design and Low Carbon Bus Demonstrations
• Key Electrified Bus Outcomes 2030
• 41,000 Hybrids, 15,000 buses mild aux accessory
  electrification, 6000 battery and 6,000 fuel cell
  vehicles
• Fuels, Natural Gas, Bio Diesel, Hydrogen and
  Electricity

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There Are Also Pathways for Sustainable Fuels ??
Hydrogen Example

• Energy security is a driver there is a growing
  emphasis on GHG reduction
• Fuels of Today can be stepping stones for
  tomorrow

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There Are Also Pathways for Sustainable Fuels ??
Biodiesel Example

• Energy security is a driver there is a growing
  emphasis on GHG reduction
• Fuels of Today can be stepping stones for
  tomorrow

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There Are Also Pathways for Sustainable Fuels ??
Ethanol Example

• Energy security is a driver there is a growing
  emphasis on GHG reduction
• Fuels of Today can be stepping stones for
  tomorrow

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California Taking on Greenhouse Gas Challenge and
Requiring the Use of Renewable Hydrogen

• Transportation is biggest GHG source in CA, but
  it is also one third of all US emissions
• Assembly Bill AB32 requires that we meet 1990
  levels by 2020
• Senate Bill 1505 requires the use of renewable
  hydrogen so that vehicles can provide greater
  wells to wheels GHG reductions
• Transit has a temporary exemption but may kick in
  when total California market reaches
  35,000kg/year

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Transit H2 Pathways Strategy Harmony of
Technical Commercial Goals

• FTA Industry Goals
• Durability 4 to 6 Years/ 20,000 to 30,000
  hours
• Reliability gt90 Available
• Bus Cost lt5x Comparable
• Size Transit Bus
• Fuel Efficiency 2x Comparable Transit Bus
• Emissions Exceed 2010 EPA Standards
• Enhance Public Acceptance
• Greatest Promise is that we are already seeing a
  tripling of the fuel efficiency and expect more
  improvements
• Greatest Challenge is fuel cell reliability and
  lowering the cost

National Fuel Cell Bus Program - FTA
System Developments
Direct Path Projects
40 Bus
Evolutionary Path
Component Path
Components Development
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CALSTART National Fuel Cell Bus Programs - H2
Strategy at Work
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American Fuel Cell BusSunLine Program

• Direct Path Project for Coachella Valley
• Key importance
• One of the first full-size Fuel Cell Hybrid Buses
  that can qualify for Buy America

• Goal develop North American chassis designed for
  locally sourced fuel cell and drive components
• The vehicle will demonstrated in a very Hot
  Climate

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AC Transit HyRoad

• Direct Path Project in Oakland
• Accelerated Testing of Fuel Cells for Transit
• Team - AC Transit, ISE, UTC Power
• AC Transit - Accelerated Fuel Cell bus operations
• 3 Original and 5 additional buses
• UTC Power - Engineer next generation
• Fuel Cell reliability increase 2 -
  4 times
• - New buses have Next Gen Fuel Cell, Improved
  Battery and Lighter Weight Vehicle

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Compound Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus for 2010 (BUS-2010)
Orion VII

• Evolutionary Path Project
• BAE Systems Controls
• Develop Lower cost /
• Lower weight hybrid-drive
• Integrate diesel/FC APU and
• Advanced Energy Storage
• Daimler Chrysler Commercial Bus NA - Orion Bus
• Hydrogenics - 15- 25 kW Fuel Cell APU
• Advanced PEM FC for Accessory Loads
• Engineered Machine Products
• Efficient, electric accessories
• Lincoln Composites - Tanks
• San Francisco-MUNI - Transit Agency

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BDC - Hybrid FC Bi-Directional Power Converter
for FC Buses

• Component Level Path Project
• Fabricate/ Test Converter using
• Multi-phase power conversion
• high-frequency magnetics
• Result compared to current products
• Lower cost smaller size
• Higher-efficiency over load range
• Rapid transient performance
• Smoothes fuel cell current demand
• Boosts fuel economy
• Plug-n-Play and bi-directionality
• simplifies integration
• Reduces interconnects improving system reliability

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IAM - Integrated Auxiliary Module for Fuel Cell
Buses

• Component Level Path Project
• Fabricate / test single integrated unit with
• High-current, low-voltage DC power form
• Dual, independently-controlled auxiliary
• motor drive systems for fuel cell
• Result compared to current products
• Lower cost smaller size
• Higher-efficiency
• Single unit reliability increase
• Digital control of motors, DC power
• via controller area network (CAN) bus
• Simplifies electrical physical integration

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Advanced Technology (AT) BusEl Dorado E-Z Rider

• Evolutionary Path Project
• SunLine Transit Fuel Cell
• Bus Project in 30 Bus
• New 75 kW Ballard
• warranted 12,000 hr /
• 5 Year Fuel Cell
• Li-ion batteries replace PbA pack
• 5,000 psi H2 storage system replaces 3,600 system

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CALSTART Working with Transit Agencies Toward Z
Bus Compliance

• Alternative-Fuel Transit Agencies
• Require Fuel Cell, Battery or Trolley Propulsion
• 15 2012-2026 of all new procurements
• Formed a Working Group of Transit Agencies
• Seek commercial solutions for the market

2008
2010
2015
FC Buses
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Z-TUG Model

• Model for Z-TUG similar to successful CALSTART
  Hybrid Truck Users Forum
• Working with Transit Agencies Towards Z Bus
  Compliance
• A Transit User driven process
• CALSTART helps identify technology pathways
  forward, jointly develop requirements,
  collaborate on demos, share data
• Jointly seek funds and share knowledge
• Z-TUG is Voice of the Customer for suppliers
  creating market pull
• Encourages technologies commercialization

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Z-TUG Transit Membership

• Z-TUG members are comprised of the following
  Southern California transit properties that chose
  to follow the CARB Alternative Fuel Path - gt
  5,000 buses
• SunLine Transit Agency (Co-leader)
• Los Angeles County MTA (ATVC)        
        (Co-leader)
• Orange County Transportation Authority
• Omnitrans
• Riverside Transit
• Sacramento Regional Transit District
• San Diegos Metropolitan Transit System
• Santa Monicas Big Blue Bus                   
            
• Montebello Bus Lines
• San Diego North County Transit District (Observer)

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Rating Technology Paths Forward- Top Three
Preferences
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Z-TUG Activity

• Fuel Cell Bus- 20,000 Hour Fuel cell
• Next Gen Z-TUG US Made Platform Specifications
  and Possible Joint Procurement
• Based on learning's from FTA National FC Bus
  Program and Electric Drive Strategic Plan
  priorities
• 2010 and Beyond Fuel Cell Engine and HCNG Legacy
  Fleets
• Inventory Assessment ( all 8 transit properties
  combined)
• Goal to quantify technologies that allow Z-TUG to
  meet and exceed California Z-Bus Rule
• Tracking Battery Electric Buses to determine
  viability and will look at Advanced Energy
  Storage bus options/funding
• Investigating and Educating users on Hydrogen
  Infrastructure

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Z-TUG Learning How to Implement Hydrogen
Refueling Infrastructure

• Infrastructure Operations Example
• Hydrogen Infrastructure Assessment
• Hydrogen and Hydrogen Blending Stations
• Refueling Fleet Size of 5-10, 25-50 and 200-300
• Reviewing Synergies with Light Duty Vehicles
• Challenging Questions that need answers
• Equipment providers being solicited to present to
  ZTUG
• Questions
• Can I hook-up to a local Hydrogen Pipeline?
• How do I acquire renewable hydrogen to meet
  SB1505?
• Do I make or buy the hydrogen?
• If I buy the hydrogen should I reform it or
  electrolyze it?
• What are the Hydrogen Bus refueling protocols?

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Present Gaseous Refueling Parameters Z-TUG

• Transit agency with 200 to 300 CNG vehicles
• CNG infrastructure operations
• Fuel vehicles between 5pm and midnight
• Multiple compressors in use (4000-6000scfm total)
  during peak fueling periods
• Fuel CNG buses concurrently in 3-4 lanes
• Average fueling time per bus is 5-8 minutes.
• Buses are cleaned and fluid levels are checked at
  the same time.

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LA Metro Division 1
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Transition to Hydrogen Buses Means Significant
Hydrogen Infrastructure

• 200 Fuel Cell Bus Fleet
• 200 buses, re-fuel at 20 kg per bus, 4,000 kg H2
  per day
• 260 days (5 per week) means 1,040,000 kg annually
• Less for smaller fleets, more for larger fleets
• Transit can be a good anchor tenant for public
  light duty refueling

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The New Strike Zone in Transit Bus Technology
With an Alignment of Technologies Zero Emission
Buses a Target Area
Air Quality Criteria Emissions Natural Gas Clean
Diesel Gasoline LPG
Balances all three competing needs
Integrated Solutions Needed
Examples BioMass to H2 FC Buses Cellulosic
Ethanol Hybrid Vehicles Battery Electric Buses
Climate Change Carbon Footprint Renewable
Fuels Greater Efficiency vehicles
Energy Efficiency And Energy Security Domestic
Fuels Hybrids More Electrification
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Clean Transportation Solutions SM
Advanced Transportation Technologies SM
www.calstart.org