The Developing Person

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The Developing Person 

• I. Different Perspectives on Development
• II. Developmental Processes
• III. Cognitive Dvmt
• IV. Social and Emotional Development
• V. Moral Dvmt
• VI. Erikson's Lifespan Development
• VII. Language Development

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I. Different Perspectives

• Developmental psychology-concerned with changes
  in physical/psychological functioning across
  lifespan (from conception)
• Some Issues
• 1. Nature vs. Nurture
• 2. Discontinuous vs Continuous theories
• 3. Stability/Change

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Developmental Research

• 1. Types
• a. normative investigations
• b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional
• d. Sequential

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Data Collection Methods

• 2. Data Collection
• a. habituation decrease in response, habit
• b. dishabituation responds to new stimulus
• c. also facial expressions, sucking

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II. Developmental Processes

• A. Physical development
• Prenatal
• 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine
  wall-then becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus
• teratogens harmful agents, FAS, smoking,
  etc.--all can affect psychological dvmt
• heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long
• early as 6th week-responses to stimulation
• feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long
• sex vs. gender
• gender determined at 8 wks

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Newborn development

• brain mass increases 50 by 2 yrs
• 80 next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs
• tendencies such as temperament
• mostly reflexes rooting, grasping,
  babinski

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Newborn development

• Sensory dvmt
• prefer female voice at birth
• prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to
  voice
• newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still
  forming connections
• 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8
  mos, 1/80 in, 6 yr/us-1/300
• 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head,
• 7 wks, facial features detect person
• 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue
• 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed
• depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9
  mos
• 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste
  from sour
• also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc
• learn mothers odor in 3 days

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C. Maturation-typical of species
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III. Cognitive Development

• Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist
• Schemes
• Assimilation Accommodation
• Conservation

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Piagets Stages

• Stages
• 1. Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses actions
• -object permanence, stranger anxiety
• 2. Pre-Operational (2-7)
• -egocentrism, no conservation, -centration,
  animistic thinking
• 3. Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible
  actions, mathematical transformations,
  conservation
• 4. Formal Operations (12)-true logic, abstract
  reasoning, algebra

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IV. Social and Emotional Development

• Harry Harlows studies
• Temperament (Kagan)
• Thomas Chess-3 styles
• Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up
• Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth

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1. Attachment Theory

• A. Bowlbys idea
• B. Harlows idea of contact comfort
• C. Mary Ainsworths Strange Situation and
  attachment styles

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Ainsworths Attachment

• The Strange Situation Methodology based on
  Stranger and Separation Anxiety
• 3 Primary styles
• 1. Secure (56)
• 2. Insecure
• Type A Anxious-Avoidant (25)
• Type C Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent (19)

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More attachment...

• A 4th Attachment style Disorganized/Disoriented
• Identified by Main Solomon (1990)

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2. The Influence of Culture Gender

• Collectivism and Individualism
• Child-rearing
• Gender
• Social learning Theory-Bandura
• Gender Schema Theory-Bem

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V. Moral Development

• Whats different about adolescence?
• Sexual maturity, transition, relationships
• What is Morality?
• A system of beliefs, values and underlying
  judgements about right and wrong
• What is Moral Development?
• Concerns rules and conventions about how people
  should behave in their interactions with others

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Moral Development

• Kohlbergs Theory (1950s)
• Moral Dilemma
• Moral reasoning
• Carol Gilligans Two Voices
• Voice of Justice
• Voice of Caring

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Kohlbergs Levels

• Progressive stages
• Levels and Stages Reason for moral behavior
• I. Preconventional Morality-oneself (before age
  9)
• Stage 1 Pleasure/Pain orientation Avoid pain
  or getting caught
• Stage 2 Cost/Benefit orientation Achieve/rece
  ive rewards
• reciprocity (eye for an eye)
• II. Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society
  (early adolescence)
• Stage 3 "good child" orientation Gain
  acceptance, avoid disapproval
• Stage 4 Law and order orientation Follow
  rules, avoid penalties
• III. Postconventional (Principled)
  morality-universal principles
• Stage 5 Social contract orientation Promote
  the welfare of one's society
• Stage 6 Ethical principle orientation Achieve
  justice, avoid self-condemnation
• Stage 7 Cosmic orientation BE true to
  universal principles feel oneself part of
  a cosmic direction that transcends social
  norms

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Parenting Styles

• Parenting styles
• -Baumrind-1971
• A. Authoritarian restrictive, punitive style
• B. Authoritative encourages independence
• C. Permissive Parenting
• -permissive indulgent
• -permissive neglectful

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VI. Eriksons Life-span Development