CPECSC 580: Knowledge Management

1
CPE/CSC 580 Knowledge Management

• Dr. Franz J. Kurfess
• Computer Science Department
• Cal Poly

2
Course Overview

• Introduction
• Knowledge Processing
• Knowledge Acquisition, Representation and
  Manipulation
• Knowledge Organization
• Classification, Categorization
• Ontologies, Taxonomies, Thesauri
• Knowledge Retrieval
• Information Retrieval
• Knowledge Navigation
• Knowledge Presentation
• Knowledge Visualization

• Knowledge Exchange
• Knowledge Capture, Transfer, and Distribution
• Usage of Knowledge
• Access Patterns, User Feedback
• Knowledge Management Techniques
• Topic Maps, Agents
• Knowledge Management Tools
• Knowledge Management in Organizations

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Overview Knowledge Usage

• Motivation
• Objectives
• Evaluation Criteria
• Chapter Introduction
• Review of relevant concepts
• Overview new topics
• Terminology
• Topic 1
• Subtopic 1.1
• Subtopic 1.2

• Topic 2
• Subtopic 2.1
• Subtopic 2.2
• Topic 3
• Subtopic 3.1
• Subtopic 3.2
• Important Concepts and Terms
• Chapter Summary

4
Logistics

• Introductions
• Course Materials
• textbook
• handouts
• Web page
• CourseInfo/Blackboard System and Alternatives
• Term Project
• Lab and Homework Assignments
• Exams
• Grading

5
Using Knowledge

• What do we want when we look for information or
  knowledge?
• answers, not documents!
• current retrieval systems identify documents that
  may or may not contain the answer
• irrelevant documents
• partial answers
• multiple answers
• inconsistent, wrong context,

6
Current Usage of Retrieval Systems

• tools to identify potentially relevant documents
• formulation of questions as unnatural queries
• either simplistic sets of keywords, or complex
  expressions
• ranking of retrieved documents according to
  obscure criteria
• re-formulation of queries to influence ranking
• mostly batch processing
• submit query
• wait
• view result

7
Better Usage of Retrieval Systems

• provide answers to questions
• find the right information fast
• analyze information, combine it into easily
  digestible formats
• summarize longer documents, sets of related
  documents
• relate it to decisions to be made

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Pre-Test
9
Motivation
10
Objectives
11
Evaluation Criteria
12
Knowledge Usage in Context

• terminology
• dissemination, utilization, diffusion, technology
  transfer
• knowledge dissemination and utilization
• traditional model
• conceptual and instrumental use
• related terms
• knowledge use as learning process
• knowledge life span
• usefulness and accessibility of knowledge
• knowledge life cycle
• activities dealing with knowledge throughout its
  useful life

13
What is Knowledge Utilization?

• no clear definition
• often used interchangeably with
• knowledge dissemination
• knowledge transfer
• knowledge usage
• usually assume two aspects
• distribution of knowledge, information, or
  products
• incorporation of conceptual or instrumental use
  of knowledge into relevant activities

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Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization

• due to a number of factors, existing knowledge is
  not used effectively
• driven by the dissemination side (researchers),
  rather than the knowledge use side
  (practitioners)
• finding practical applications of knowledge is
  often left to potential users
• lack of coordinated knowledge utilization
  activities
• ad hoc dissemination models, very few attempts at
  systematic approaches to utilization
• cumbersome accessibility
• finding and accessing knowledge has been the
  domain of specialists (librarians, consultants)

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Dissemination Types

• spread
• one-way diffusion or distribution of knowledge
  and information
• choice
• users actively seek and acquire knowledge from
  established or alternative sources
• users learn about their options
• exchange
• interactions between people
• multi-directional flow of knowledge and
  information
• implementation
• technical assistance, training, interpersonal
  activities

NCDDR 1996
16
Extension Model of Knowledge Use

• rational, linear conception of the process of
  knowledge utilization
• knowledge is packaged and moved from one place to
  another
• based on the assumption that knowledge can be
  arranged into definable, useable units that can
  be transmitted easily
• getting the word out
• based on the hope that potential users will hear
  about it, and be willing and capable to utilize
  it
• does not reflect the use of knowledge in many
  situations

NCDDR 1996
17
Complex Model of Knowledge Use

• the process usually is not rational nor linear
• complex
• multiple sources, multiple media and paths of
  delivery
• interdependencies between individual knowledge
  items
• context may be critical
• transactional
• may involve transactions between source (expert)
  and user
• dependent on the background of potential users
• pre-existing knowledge, beliefs, experiences
• the user is involved in the usage process
• problem-solver
• constructor of a personal knowledge base

NCDDR 1996
18
Knowledge Usage

• conceptual use
• changes in levels of knowledge, understanding, or
  attitude
• instrumental use
• changes in behavior and practice
• strategic use
• manipulation of knowledge to attain specific
  goals
• power, profit, political gain

NCDDR 1996
19
Knowledge Usage Metaphors

• tabula rasa
• the learners mind is an empty slate upon which
  people in the know impress knowledge
• learner as a sponge
• soaking up knowledge, largely without filtering
  or processing
• brain as a computer
• processes information in a systematic fashion as
  it is received from outside sources

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Knowledge Use as Learning Process

• role of knowledge
• dynamic set of understandings influenced by its
  originators and its users
• role of the learner
• actively filters and shapes knowledge
• integration into existing knowledge
• constructs models of the the environment
• explanations to make sense of the world
• pre-existing (mis-)understandings may have to be
  changed
• they result in discrepancies of the mental model

NCDDR 1996
21
Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization

• dissemination source
• originator of information
• initiator of dissemination
• content
• new knowledge
• supporting information
• dissemination medium
• packaging and transmission of knowledge
• user
• person or organization to receive and apply the
  knowledge

NCDDR 1996
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Knowledge Life Span
Kaplan 1997
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Knowledge Life Cycle
Kaplan 1997
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Utilization of Knowledge Assets
Konno 2000
25
Knowledge Usage Issues

• selection of knowledge
• composition of knowledge
• merging of knowledge items
• modification of knowledge
• modification of system aspects
• preservation of consistency
• user motivation

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Knowledge Usage Template
Skyrme 1999
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KM Benefits Tree
Skyrme 1999
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Technology vs. Usage
Task Context
Browse
Transfer into Search
Organize
Gather
Query
Collaborate
Store
Output
Select
Create
Think
Evaluate
Plan
Todays Technology Centered Systems
User and Usage Centered
Griffin 2000
29
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1
Projects
Project/Research Focus
research goal
full-content search and retrieval of video
segments

• Carnegie Mellon University Digital Video
  Libraries
• speech, image and natural language technologies
  integration
• Univ of Michigan Intelligent Agent
  Architectures
• software agents resource federation artificial
  service market economies educational impact
• Stanford Univ Uniform Access
• interoperability protocols standards
  distributed object architectures interface
  design for distributed information retrieval

new DL cross-disciplinary capabilities,
intellectual perspectives and linkages
general access, extensibility for heterogeneous
distributed resources
Griffin 2000
30
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1
Projects
Project/Research Focus
research goal

• Univ of California, Santa Barbara Geographic
  Information Systems
• spatially-indexed data content-based retrieval
  image-compression metadata
• Univ of Illinois Intelligent Search and the
  Net
• large-scale information retrieval across
  knowledge domains semantic search SGML
  user/usage studies
• Univ of California, Berkeley Media Integration
  and Access
• new models of documents natural language
  processing content-based image retrieval
  innovative interface design

resources for geosciences research and education
communities
semantic retrieval across the net alternatives
for publishers of scientific journals
new models and services for multi-media
information management in a networked world
Griffin 2000
31
DLI Collaboration and Partnering
Flow of Resources, Technologies, Knowledge,
Intellectual Products
Computer Communications Companies Digital
Equipment Corp Xerox Corp Xerox PARC Intel
Corp Apple Corporation Bellcore Eastman Kodak
Co IBM Lockheed Interconnect Tech Corp Enterprise
Integration (EIT) Bellcore Interval Microsoft
Corp Bell Atlantic Network Services ATT Hewlett
Packard United Technologies Softquad BRS/Dataware
Spyglass Hitachi
Other Universities SUNY Buffalo Univ of
Maine Univ of Arizona Open University, U.K. Univ
of Wisconsin Univ of Colorado MIT Cornell Univ
Publishers/Content Providers Elsevier Science
Group Encyclopedia Britannica McGraw-Hill
Publishers Dialog Information Services O'Reilly WA
IS Inc QED Communications John Wiley Sons U.S.
News World Report MT Publishing Tribune
Company UMI
Primary Secondary Schools Project-local comm
schools Fairfax County Public Schools Winchester-T
hurston School Ann Arbor Public
Schools Stuyvesant High School, NYC Shasta County
Ofc of Edu
Government Agencies and Labs DMA/CIO U S
Navy USGS NASA/ARC Res Agcy of California San
Diego Assn of Govts
Libraries Project Site Univ Libs USGS
Library Library of Congress California State
Library Sonoma County Library St. Louis Public
Library New York Public Libs
Professional Societies American Math Society
(AMA) ACM IEEE American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics (AIAA) American Physical
Society American Institute of Physics NCGIA Associ
ation of Research Libraries
Other/Non-Profits CNRI Environmental Systems Res
Inst Mellon Foundation Kellogg Foundation Getty
Foundation
International Orgs ERCIM
Griffin 2000
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Grand Challenge Requirements
Climate Modeling
Fluid Turbulence
1000
Human Genome
Ocean Circulation
Quantum Chromdynamics
Semiconductor Modeling
Superconductor Modeling
Viscous Fluid Dynamics
100
Vision and Cognition
Structural
Biology
Vehicle Signature
Pharmaceutical
10
Design
Chemical
Computer Speed in Billion of Operations per Second
Dynamics
72 Hour
Weather
1
48 Hour
Boson Mass
Weather
Estimate of Higgs
Airfoil
Modeling
3D Plasma
2D Plasma
0.1
Modeling
1970
1980
1990
2000
Griffin 2000
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Application Requirements
Traffic Requirements for Bandwidth
Griffin 2000
34
Two Dimensional Thinking,Early 1990s...
Network Capability (bandwidth)
Computing Capability (FLOPS)
Griffin 2000
35
Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90s...
Griffin 2000
36
Today Context and Structure
metadata
Griffin 2000
37
Advanced Functional Capabilities
Intelligent Distributed Knowledge Environments
and Information Spaces
Griffin 2000
38
Evolution of Understanding
Inference
analysis
context
structure
Griffin 2000
39
A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010
Life Sciences
Life Sciences
Social Sciences, Humanities
Social Sciences, Humanities
Information Sciences
PhysicalSciencesEngineering
PhysicalSciencesEngineering
Information Sciences
2000
2010
Griffin 2000
40
International Digital Libraries Collaborative
Research Program

• FY 1999 Competition Data
• 50 proposals requesting 25M
• 30 countries
• Formal Program with UK/JISC (Circular 15/98)

Griffin 2000
41
Languages and the Internet
April 1999 English 107.2M
56.5 non-English 82.7M 43.5 European
54.9M 30.0
By end of year 2000 English
160M non-English 167M
http//www.euromktg.com/globstats/
Griffin 2000
42
KM Infrastructure
PM Protocol Machine LS Library Service IC
Interface Client IS Information Source IPS
Information Processing Service
objects, collections, services, platforms.
Stanford InfoBus CORBA distributed object
technology
Griffin 2000
43
Merging Intellectual Perspectives

• Traditional KM Stress
• Service
• Selection, Organization, Structure for Access
• Centralization, Standards
• Physical objects standard genres

• Contemporary Technological Capabilities (e.g.
  WWW) Stress
• Flexibility, Openness
• Rapid Evolution
• Decentralization (geographic, administrative)
• Digital objects, old new genres

Design Space for KM Systems Beyond
Griffin 2000
44
Application of Integrated Technologies
Histogram Scene Analysis
Scene Changes
Camera Motion
Word Relevance
Key Words
Audio Level

• Carnegie Mellon University 2/96

Griffin 2000
45
Building Large Collections of Diverse Information
UC Berkeley Digital Library Testbed
Griffin 2000
46
New Conceptualizations
Griffin 2000
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Goals

• gather information and build collections
• conversion of existing collections
• creation of new collections from scratch
• integration of collections
• create new communities
• communication
• evaluation
• collaboration
• make technology disappear
• from our awareness and experience

Griffin 2000
48
Usage Aspects

• collection and evaluation of usage information
• single items vs. sets of items
• individuals vs. groups
• temporal relationships
• info-space relationships
• examples
• relevance feedback, user profiles, citation
  analysis, hypertext links, collaborative
  filtering
• problems
• technical aspects, quantity of data
• privacy

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Post-Test
50
Evaluation

• Criteria

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References

• Griffin 2000 Stephen M. Griffin, Digital
  Libraries Initiative, National Science
  Foundation, www.dli2.nsf.gov, 2000
• Kaplan 1997 R.M. Kaplan, Knowledge Management -
  Access to an Untapped Resource, October 1997.
• Konno 2000 Noburu Konno, Knowledge Strategy and
  Ba - The Practice of Knowledge-Based
  Management. Column, Inc., 2000.
• NCDDR 1996 A Review of the Literature on
  Dissemination and Knowledge Utilization. National
  Center for the Dissemination of Disability
  Research (NCDDR), www.ncddr.org, 1996
• Skyrme 1999.David Skyrme. Knowledge Usage
  Template. David Skyrme Associates,
  www.skyrme.com, 1999.

Gil 2000
52
Important Concepts and Terms

• natural language processing
• neural network
• predicate logic
• propositional logic
• rational agent
• rationality
• Turing test

• agent
• automated reasoning
• belief network
• cognitive science
• computer science
• hidden Markov model
• intelligence
• knowledge representation
• linguistics
• Lisp
• logic
• machine learning
• microworlds

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Summary Chapter-Topic
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