Relationships II

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Relationships II

• Ten Steps to Advancing
• Reading Skills
• By John Langan

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Relationships II involves

• Relationships that involve illustration.
• Relationships that involve comparison and
  contrast.
• Relationships that involve cause and effect.

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Illustration

• Definition and example
• look for the is or are
• defines a concept and then clarifies
• the idea with example
• Statement and example
• general statement and idea
• gives a visual picture

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Illustration Transitions

• Here are some clues to finding illustrations
• for example for instance
• to be specific including specifically
• once such as one

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Illustration Examples

• The telephone always seems to ring at the wrong
  time, such as while I am eating.
• Some common beliefs are really myths. For
  example, Betsy Ross never designed the American
  flag.
• Common courtesies, such as saying thank you and
  please, are becoming less common.

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Illustration Helpful Hints

• Look for the clue words.
• Underline the transitions.
• Look for the concept being defined or explained.

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Comparison and Contrast

• Comparison similarities (same)
• Contrast differences
• Remember
• with and there must be evidence of
• both!
• with or there should one or the
• other

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Comparison

• Points out what two or more things have in
  common.
• Transitions
• alike in like fashion resemble
• just as equally both similarly
• same in the same way

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Comparison Examples

• Both Jerome and his wife are left-handed.
• A primitive bird had teeth and a long tail
• like a lizards.

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Contrast

• Points out how two or more things are different
• Transitions
• but yet instead however still
• although on the other hand while
• unlike even though despite however

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Contrast Examples

• Although Americans claim to be concerned with
  fitness, the typical adult cant climb a flight
  of stairs without getting out of breath.
• In spite of the mans lack of experience, the
  manager hired him.

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Comparison and Contrast Tips

• Look for the two things being compared or
  contrasted.
• Pay attention to the transitions for each
  comparison and contrast.

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Cause and Effect

• Tells why something has or will happen
• One event causes another
• Suggests action or movement of some kind
• The action suggested may be as simple as drawing
  a conclusion

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Cause and Effect

• Transitions
• therefore thus due to
• so as a result leads to
• since because of reason
• according to consequently

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Cause and Effect Examples

• The sinking of the ship Titanic led to safer sea
  travel.
• When the ship sank, many died because there were
  too few life boats.
• As a result, many boating laws changed.

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Remember

• To look in the main idea sentence for your first
  clue about the organization of a paragraph!
• One paragraph or passage may have more than one
  pattern of organization!

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Quiz!

• Choose one for each
• a. def and example
• b. compare and/or contrast
• c. cause and effect

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Quiz!

• Depressed economic times often lead to an
  increase in divorce. _____
• White-collar crime refers to crimes that
  respectable people of high social status commit.
  ______
• The jobs created by small businesses differ from
  those created by big companies in several key
  aspects. ______