Hydrocarbon Derivatives

1
Hydrocarbon Derivatives

• halocarbons
• alcohols
• ethers
• aldehydes
• ketones
• carboxylic acids
• esters
• amines
• amides

• functional groups
• general formulas

2
Halocarbons

• R--X
• halogen functional groups
• IUPAC naming
• either nonpolar or slightly polar
• low boiling points
• insoluble in water
• properties similar to alkanes

• CFCs
• DDT

3
Alcohols

• Hydroxyl group
• R-OH
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• IUPAC naming
• suffix--ol
• number

• diols
• triols
• polar
• hydrogen bonds
• higher melting and boiling points than alkanes
• some are water soluble
• methanol
• ethanol

4
Ethers

• slightly polar
• no hydrogen bonds
• small ethers are water soluble.
• boiling points are lower than alcohols but
  higher than hydrocarbons
• diethyl ether
• anesthetics
• deisel engines

• R-O-R
• IUPAC Naming
• name both groups as alkyl groups
• Put these names in alphabetic order. Separate
  the names with a space. The name should end with
  the word ether.
• common names

5
Aldehydes

• carbonyl group
• R-CHO
• functional group at the end of hydrocarbon chain
• IUPAC naming
• root ---al suffix
• no number is necessary

• polar
• no hydrogen bonds
• methanal
• formaldehyde
• tastes and fragrances

6
Ketones

• carbonyl group
• interior of hydrocarbon chain
• R-COR
• IUPAC Naming
• root --one suffix
• Must use number
• polar
• no hydrogen bonds

• propanone
• acetone
• Uses
• fragrances
• flavors

7
Carboxylic Acids

• carboxyl group
• R-COOH
• polar
• hydrogen bonds
• acidic hydrogens
• organic acids
• IUPAC naming
• suffix --oic
• word acid

• fatty acids
• ethanoic acid
• acetic acid
• methanoic acid
• formic acid

8
Esters

• R-COO-R
• results from the combination of an alcohol
  carboxylic acid
• IUPAC Naming
• Name alcohol first
• end name in --yl
• Name acid
• End name in --oate

• polar
• no hydrogen bonds
• odors
• fruity odors

9
Amines

• amino group
• R-NH2
• primary, secondary, and tertiary are possible.
• IUPAC Naming
• Name hydrocarbon
• Use suffix --amine

• polar
• weak bases
• amino acids
• DNA
• Vitamins
• Addictive drugs
• odors
• cadaverine
• ptomaines

10
Amides

• Results from the reaction between an amine and a
  carboxylic acid.
• R-CONH2
• IUPAC Naming
• Name root
• Use --amide suffix
• biologically important

• amino acids
• peptide bonds
• synthetic polymers
• nylon