Review StructureSystems

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Review Structure/Systems

• Bio 3411
• Monday
• October 22, 2008

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Bio 3411 - 2008 Principles of the Nervous
System Systems
II. The Nervous System and Its Cells. VIII.
Spinal Cord, Reflexes and Brain Pathways. IX.
Brain Pathways Sensation and Movement. X.
Higher Functions. XI. Experience and Critical
Periods. (aka, Plastics). XII. Brain Diseases.
I. XIII. Brain Diseases. II. XIV. Genetics and
Human Brains Clues from Abnormalities. 
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THE BRAIN ATLAS 3rd ed, p. 8
Mid-line (sagittal) section through central
nervous system (CNS). Note the relationship
between vertebrae (BLACK), segments of the spinal
cord (RED) and spinal nerves (YELLOW).
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THE BRAIN ATLAS 3rd ed, p. 9
The different regions of the brain from the
lateral (side) and median section (middle) human
brain. These brain regions are discernable in in
all vertebrates and in early embryos. (cerebral
cortex gold thalamus blue/purple midbrain
orange pons purple, cerebellum blue medulla
red/orange spinal cord green)
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Photograph of neurons stained by Golgis method
which fills processes of some cells with black
precipitates of heavy metals and Nissl which
stains all nuclei and neuronal cytoplasm blue.
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A neuron grown in tissue culture that is stained
with antibodies for pre and post synaptic
proteins. Red shows presynaptic and green shows
postsynaptic localization. Yellow indicates close
proximity of the two at synapses. This picture
indicates the number, distribution and density of
synapses on a nerve cell the role of which is to
integrate information from many sources.
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Segmental nerve (posterior (dorsal) root
sensory - touch anterior (ventral) root motor
-movement spinal or posterior (dorsal) root
ganglion sensory nerve cell bodies)
Periphery (skin, muscle, etc.)
Spinal cord
front anterior
back posterior
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THE BRAIN ATLAS 3rd ed, p. 183
Face
Hand
Body
Foot
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THE BRAIN ATLAS 3rd ed, p. 201
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General Scheme for Neuron Adaptation
Sensory Neuron
Rapidly Adapting
Rapidly/ Slowly Adapting
Slowly Adapting
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Each small vertical line marks an action
potential of the neuron.
A neuron in the motor cortex of of an awake
behaving monkey fires in relation to the
direction of the movement (see tuning curve -
left).
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Sources of Descending Pathways for Movement
Control
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Touch
Movement
Angular gyrus
Brocas area
Vision
Hearing
Wernickes area
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Albert Einstein for my scientific thinking
words do not seem to play any role but there
is associative play of more or less clear
images of a visual and muscular type.
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Martin et al (1996) Brain 1191183 1191199.
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Neuroscience, Fig 15.1, p. 372
Descending systems from the brain influence cells
in the spinal cord to create movements. The
cerebellum and the basal ganglia indirectly
influence movements as indicated schematically
here.
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Sites of self stimulation in the rat (arrows)
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Victor McKusick organized a catalog of human
inherited conditions first published in 1966.
Since then the number has grown approximately 15
fold. Of these, an increasing number of
conditions has been identified as having some
component related to the nervous
system. From McKusick 2001 JAMA
Added After Lecture 10/28/05
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From Bellugi et al 2001 TINS
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HK
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