Overview

1
Overview

• 1. Behavioral Genetics
• 2. Chapter 3 Review
• 3. Chapter 4 Prenatal Devt

2
Behavioral Genetics

• Studies the influence of genetic factors on
  behavioral traits

3
Behavioral Genetics

• Heritability Proportions of variance due to
  variations in genotypes

4
Behavioral Genetics

• 1. Twin Studies
• MZ vs DZ (Identical vs Fraternal)
• Identical 100 genetic similarity
• Fraternal 50 genetic similarity

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Behavioral Genetics

• 2. Adoption Studies
• 3. Family Studies
• E.G. Schizophrenia

6
Non-shared Environment

• Unique environment in which each child (even in
  the same family) lives
• Unique parent-child interaction
• Different school experiences
• Different peer group

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Review- Chapter 3

• 1. Each cell in the human body contains___ pairs
  of chromosomes.
• 2. Downs syndrome results when there is an
  extra ___ chromosome.

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Review

• 3. Give one example of an
• Autosomal Recessive Disorder.
• Autosomal Dominant Disorder.
• 4. What disease is Queen Victoria associated
  with?
• 5. What is Turners syndrome?

9
Review

• 6. Name one type of gene X environment
  interaction.
• 7. Why do we study identical twins in behavioral
  genetic studies?

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Chapter 4 Prenatal Devt
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Chapter 4 Outline

• Stages of Prenatal Development
• Teratogens
• Infant Reflexes, Infant States

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The Beginnings of Life

• 1. A mothers womb is a protective haven that
  shields an unborn child from external hazards.
  True or False
• 2. The environment first affects human devt the
  moment a baby is born. True or False

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The Beginnings of Life

• 3. Birth proceeds smoothly with fewer
  complications when attended by a physician in a
  hospital. True or False
• 4. Newborn infants are asocial creatures, poorly
  adapted for life. True or False

14
The Beginnings of Life

• 5. Human beings develop most rapidly between
  birth and 2 years of age. True or False

15
Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 1. Germinal Stage (Zygote)
• Weeks 1 and 2
• Begins with conception

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 2. Embryonic Stage
• Weeks 3 to 8
• Not a recognizable human

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 2. Embryonic Phase
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 3. Fetal Stage
• Week 8 to Birth
• Umbilical cord and placenta transfer nutrients

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Teratogens

• Any environmental agents that can interfere with
  the process of normal development

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Teratogens

• 1. Medical Drugs
• E.g., Thalidomide
• 2. Maternal Illness
• E.g., Rubella (German Measles)

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Teratogens

• 3. Social drugs
• E.g., Alcohol, Cocaine
• 4. Other
• E.g., Radiation

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Principles of Environmental Influence

• 1. The placenta is not an effective barrier
  against harmful substances

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Teratogens

• 2. Critical period
• 3. Genetics X Environment
• 4. Different teratogens can produce the same
  defect

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Teratogens

• 5. A single teratogen can produce multiple
  defects.
• 6. Greater the exposure, more serious the harm
• 7. Physical and Behavioral Effects

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Teratogens

• 8. Effects may not be obvious at birth
• 9. Importance of post-natal care

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Overview

• 1. Developmental Milestones
• 2. Teratogens
• 3. Infancy

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Teratogens

• Why is the fetus more affected than the mother?
• 1. Dose effects
• 2. Organogenesis
• 3. Immature liver

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Maternal risk factors

• 1. Nutrition
• 2. Adolescent pregnancy
• 3. Pregnancy after 35
• 4. Emotional states

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Smoking

• Risk of miscarriage,
• Risk of premature birth,
• Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Why?

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Caffeine

• Risk of miscarriage
• Difficulty conceiving

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• What is it?
• What are the effects?
• Fetal Alcohol Effects

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• 1. Growth retardation
• Small head, flattened features
• 2. Developmental Delays
• 3. Intellectual impairment
• Avg IQ 65-70

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FAS

• 4. Attention deficit, Learning problems
• 5. Serious behavioral problems

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Fetal Alcohol Effects

• Less severe effects, but many of the same symptoms

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Early Infancy

• The Apgar Scale
• Score 0, 1, 2

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Apgar Scale

• 5 signs
• 1. Heart Rate
• 2. Respirations
• 3. Reflex irritability
• 4. Muscle tone
• 5. Skin color

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Infant States

• 1. Quiet Sleep
• 2. Active Sleep
• 3. Alert Inactivity

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Infant States

• 4. Waking Activity
• 5. Crying (6-7 of the time)
• 3 patterns Hunger, Anger, Pain

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Newborn Reflexes

• Most infant behaviors are reflexive
• Involuntary behaviors

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Reflexes

• Survival
• Breathing
• Rooting
• Sucking

• Primitive
• Moro
• Stepping
• Swimming

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Developmental Milestones Quiz

• 1. Put these milestones in order
• 2. Estimate the average age

42

• 1. Crawls
• 2. Rolls over
• 3. Walks
• 4. Holds bottle
• 5. Rolls ball

43

• 6. Sits without support
• 7. Builds a tower of blocks
• 8. Pulls self up
• 9. Turns head to follow object
• 10. Turns pages

44
Chapter 4 Review
45
Chapter 5 The Physical Self
46
Overview

• Principles of physical development
• Age changes
• Influences on physical development

47
Maturation

• Biologically controlled development
• Independent of outside learning experiences
• Based on genetics

48
The Physical Self

• Growth Changes in height, weight (physical
  size)
• Development A broader term, includes mind,
  emotions and body
• Continues throughout life

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Principles of Physical Devt

• 1. Cephalocaudal
• From the head, downwards
• 2. Proximodistal
• From the torso, outwards
• 3. Differentiation
• Physical responses from global to specific

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Age changes in Physical Devt

• Infants (3-12 months)
• Onset of smiling
• Bones harden
• Ability to reach and grasp
• Motor milestones

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Toddlerhood

• 12-30 months
• New form of locomotion get into everything
• Slow down in growth

52
Preschoolers

• 2.5-5 years
• Body proportions change

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School age children

• Ages 5-10

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Adolescence

• Biological state and sub-culture
• Pubertal development

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Influences on Physical Growth

• 1. Heredity
• 2. Catch-up growth
• Canalization

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Influences on Physical Growth

• 3. Malnutrition
• Marasmus
• Kwashiorkor
• 4. SES

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Influences on Physical Growth

• 5. Emotional stress/lack of affection
• Failure to Thrive Syndrome

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Obesity Researchers

• Katzmarzyk (2002)
• Tremblay Willms (2000)
• Andersen, 2000

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Obesity

• Defined as More than 120 of the average weight
  for your age
• BMI gt 30
• Linked to heart disease, stroke, diabetes and
  certain cancers

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Obesity in Canada

• On the rise
• 5.6 (1985) 14.8 (1998)
• 3.3 million Canadians

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Childhood Obesity

• 15 (1981) to 26 in 1996 (Canada)
• Related to
• Health Problems
• Low Self-esteem
• Unpopular

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Childhood Obesity

• 2/3 of obese children will become obese adults
• Influenced by
• Genetics
• Eating Habits
• Activity level

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Genetics

• MZ twins more similar in weight than DZ twins
• If you have 1 obese parent, you have a 50 chance
  of being obese

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Eating Habits

• Fast Food Nation
• Increase in fast food restaurant visits from 1977
  to 1995 200
• Positive energy balance

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Eating Habits

• Number of US infants and toddlers who daily eat
• Candy (3 9-11 months 1019-24 mths)
• Pizza (2 11)
• French Fries (9 21)

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Eating Habits

• Proportion of Canadian kids (6-12) who
• Eat recommended amt of fruits and vegetables 20
• Eat junk food no more than 3X per week 60

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Physical Activity

• Average kid spends 15-26 hours per week in front
  of a screen
• Only 1/5 walks to school
• Only 10 get phys ed daily

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Physical Activity

• Only 1/3 of 5-17 year olds are active enough for
  optimal growth and development
• Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute

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Overview

• 1. Obesity
• 2. Eating Disorders
• 3. Body Image Study
• 4. Review

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Childhood Obesity

• Related to
• Health Problems
• Low self-esteem
• Influenced by
• Genetics
• Eating Habits
• Activity level

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What can we do?
72
The Paradox

• In a nation with increasing levels of obesity, we
  are obsessed with thinness.
• Fashion models
• Movie and TV stars
• Average N.A. women 55, 158 lbs

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Problems with Weight Perception

• Anorexia Nervosa
• 1 in every 200 girls
• Morbid fear of getting fat
• Bulimia
• Binging and Purging

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Body Image Study

• Bowker (2004)
• Do Canadian young adolescents have body image
  problems?
• Are Canadian adolescents overweight?

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Body Image Study

• Does sports participation make you feel better
  about yourself?
• N382 (167 boys 215 girls)
• Grades 5-8

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Body Image Study

• 1. Generally they felt good about their bodies.
• 2. Physical Self esteem
• Feelings about physical appearance Feelings
  about physical competence

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Body Image Study

• 3. Boys feel better about their physical
  competence than girls do no differences in
  appearance, or general self-esteem.

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Body Image Study

• 4. Slight decrease in physical self esteem from
  grades 5 to 8.
• Note Grade 6

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Body Image Study

• 5. Effects of sports participation
• Need to play at least 2 sports on a regular basis
  to see increase in physical self-esteem.

80
Development of The Brain

• At birth brain weighs 25 of an adult brain
• By age 2 brain weighs 75 of an adult brain

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Brain Growth

• Glia cells and neurons
• Lose brain cells with age
• Plasticity of the brain

82
Brain Growth

• Not all parts of the brain mature at the same
  time
• Primary motor area Primary sensory area

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Brain Growth

• Mylenization
• Cerebral Lateralization