REVIEW

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REVIEW
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HOW TO APPROACH PSYCHOLOGY AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDINGS
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READING A WAVE
THEMES
STORY
COMING SOON!!
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THE GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
IS TO ACHIEVE A COMPLETE PERSPECTIVE OF A HUMAN
BEING
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THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE
SO . . . THE ART OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING IS . .
.
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THE ART
OF GRASPING SIMILARITIES AMONG PHENOMENA
AND THUS FORGING PERCEPTUAL PATTERNS AND
CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES OUT OF THE FLUX
OR APPARENT CHAOS
OF EXISTENCE.
WILLIAM JAMES
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HOW BEST TO DISCOVER AND EXPLAIN SIMILARITIES PATT
ERNS CATEGORIES ?
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THE ROLE OF THEORY
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Theory is the most practical of mens
instruments. Thomas Jefferson
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Our understanding of human development is built
out of theories and research findings, just as a
house is built out of mortar and stones. But a
collection of findings without theory is no more
a basis for sound understanding that a heap of
stones is a house. Henri Poincare
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WHAT IS A THEORY?
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THEORIES EMERGE FROM PARADIGMS
A COLLECTION OF BELIEFS SHARED BY SCIENTISTS, A
SET OF AGREEMENTS ABOUT HOW PROBLEMS ARE TO BE
UNDERSTOOD.
(WORLD VIEW)
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A PARADIGM IS COMPOSED OF VARIOUS THEORIES THAT
SHARE THE MORE GENERAL WORLD VIEW EXPRESSED BY
THE PARADIGM
IN ALL CASES
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ALL PARADIGMS HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN PHILOSOPHICAL
VIEWPOINTS
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Nearly every field begins as philosophy
and psychology continues to foreground
its philosophical origins more faithfully than
any other discipline. Howard Gardner, 1994 New
Ideas in Psychology
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PHILOSOPHICAL ORIGINS OF
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
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THREE GREAT QUESTIONS IN DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
1. Do human beings grow by imperceptibly small
increments (continuity) or do they grow in spurts
and starts from one identifiable stage to another
(discontinuity)? 2. Does heredity (nature) or
environment (nurture) have the more critical
influence on human development? 3. How do human
beings generate knowledge and make sense of
themselves and of their world?
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CONTINUITY/DISCONTINUITY
NATURE/NURTURE
KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
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CONTINUITY VERSUS DISCONTINUITY
GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT (MATURATIONISTS)
STAGES WINDOWS (STAGE THEORISTS)
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NATURE VERSUS NURTURE
HEREDITY BIOLOGY GENETICS (HEREDITARIANS)
ENVIRONMENT SOCIETY CULTURAL MILIEU
(ENVIRONMENTALISTS)
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KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
INNATE REASON AND IDEAS (RATIONALISM)
EXTERNAL WORLD (EMPIRICISM)
PERSONAL/SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION (CONSTRUCTIVISM)
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PREFORMATIONISM
VIEW OF CHILDREN AS MINIATURE ADULTS HOMUNCULISM
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• JOHN LOCKE

• FATHER OF LEARNING THEORY
• NURTURE/CONTINUITY
• KNOWLEDGE DERIVES FROM EXTERNAL WORLD
• MIND IS TABULA RASA

• EDUCATION IS ESSENTIALLY A SOCIALIZING PROCESS

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EMPIRICISM
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POSITIVISM
EXPERIENTIALISM
MECHANISM
PROCESS-PRODUCT
BEHAVIORISM
RADICAL POSITIVISM
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ENVIRONMENTALISM
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• JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

• FATHER OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
• NATURE/DISCONTINUITY
• DEVELOPMENT IS THE RESULT OF INTERNAL INFLUENCES
• KNOWLEDGE DERIVES FROM INNATE REASON AND IDEAS

• EDUCATION SHOULD BE A PERSONAL, DEVELOPMENTAL
  PROCESS

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RATIONALISM
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GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
NATURALISM
DARWINISM
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
NATIVISM
ETHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
PSYCHODYNAMIC
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EMMANUEL KANT
KNOWLEDGE AND MEANING ARE CONSTRUCTED BY THE
INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUALS INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATION AND
CONSTRUCT PERSONAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL MEANING
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CONSTRUCTIVISM
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QUALITATIVE INQUIRY
PHENOMENOLOGY
HERMENEUTICAL
CONSTRUCTIVISM
FUNCTIONALISM
INTERPRETIVISM
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
SYSTEMS THEORY
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CONSTRUCTIVISM
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• RATIONALISM

• EMPIRICISM
• CONSTRUCTIVISM

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• HEREDITARIANISM

• ENVIRONMENTALISM
• CONSTRUCTIVISM

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WE WHO CUT MERE STONE MUST ALWAYS BE ENVISIONING
CATHEDRALS
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A teacher of an 8th grade gifted language arts
enrichment class is interested in students
learning to be poetically expressive. A
13-year-old student submits the following
poem When the wild west winds are blowing the
tall trees will tremble. When heavy rains fall
from the skies and a torrential downpour hits the
earth, when the tall trees are struck with
lightning and whole forests catch on fire, that
is when we feel nature at its greatest. After
the teacher reads it, the student asks, "Do you
like it? Is it good?" How should the teacher
respond? Why.
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NEXT CLASS

• FORMALIZING THE INSIGHTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
• COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - GESELL AND
  MONTESSORI
• PLEASE READ
• PAJARES GRAHAM, 1998
• CRAIN 2 and 4
• TEEN MAGAZINE ASSIGNMENT DUE!!
• BRIEF QUIZ ON READINGS