Sustainable Development Education, Research and Innovation

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Sustainable Development Education, Research and
Innovation

• Vision for Knowledge Economy

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Egypt

• Center of Muslim and Arab World
• 200 Years of Modern Civilization
• Mohammed Ali
• early 1800s
• Egyptian Renaissance

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Arab States in UNESCO Science Report 2005
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Arab States in UNESCO Science Report 2005
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Arab States in UNESCO Science Report 2005
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?Arab States in UNESCO Science Report 2005
Researchers per Million Inhabitants
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Arab States in UNESCO Science Report 2005
Gross Domestic Expenditure on RD (GERD)
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Egypt Current Status

• We in Egypt realize that we need to advance in
  our ST applications
• New ST Plan
• International Cooperation is a cornerstone of our
  plan Science Decade

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Egypt ST Plan

• Egypt is progressing towards the knowledge
  economy
• Egypt is targeting an annual economic growth of
  at least 8-9 to sustain its development
• Egypt considers Science Technology as a vehicle
  to transform economy
• Need to apply complete cycle of Innovation to
  impact economy

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CHALENGES

• Competitiveness.
• Human Resources (Population increase and brain
  drain).
• Funding to meet challenges and support ST and
  education for creating competing human resources
  (closed circuit).
• Resistance of Culture Reform.
• Governance and evaluation.

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ST ManagementModels

• It was imperative to conduct SWOT analysis of
  ST components in Egypt.
• Also, it was crucial to conduct surveys of ST
  Management in various countries.
• And hence draw our reform plans to implement a
  Governance model capable of achieving ST targets
  in Egypt.

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Funding Modelsin other Countries

• Research conducted in universities depends mainly
  on public funding in most countries
• ST funding for industrial activities depend on
  private funding in most countries
• Government spending increases in two cases
• When research in basic sciences is needed to
  increase the countrys competitiveness (e.g.
  Japan)
• When the countrys political decision makers
  press for increased emphasis on ST (e.g. South
  Korea)

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Funding Modelsin other Countries

• Medical and pharmaceutical research depends
  heavily on governmental funding (e.g. USA / UK)
• Medical and pharmaceutical research funding is
  handled by a body separate from that of ST
• First example National Institutes of Health
  (NIH) and National Science Foundation (NSF) in
  USA
• Second example Medical Research Council in UK

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Models of fundingin other Countries

• Italian experience showed that when government
  grants are not strategic enough, they become
  prone to inefficiencies.
• Italy adopted an Inter-Ministerial Committee for
  Economic Planning (CIPE)
• CIPE adopts the multi-annual National Program for
  Research and innovation
• According to its program CIPE allocates resources
  for the Fund for Inventions of National Relevance
  

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Private funding Taxation Policy

• A major method for generating private funds is
  the taxation policy
• India adopted income tax benefits for private
  companies to perform RD and to form
  relationships with universities and national
  laboratories
• Tax benefits include customs rebates for a
  variety of RD-related resources
• In addition, India imposed an import tax and used
  for technological development
• In Japan it was found that 80 of private
  companies that increased their RD element were
  inspired by tax exemptions in 2003.

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Small Medium Size Enterprises

• The governments of USA and UK offer a special
  grant to support RD in small and medium
  enterprises known as small business research
  initiatives
• The initiative offers grants to small enterprises
  on stages.
• These stages range from the basic RD to the
  product development.
• The grant offered for each stage depends on the
  success in its previous stage.

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Venture Capital

• Venture capital companies are providers of loans
  to high-risk investment.
• Few countries were successful in establishing
  several RD intensive companies through venture
  capital.
• However, the Turkish experience showed little
  success, and had to go to zero-interest loans in
  many cases.
• The foremost drawback in the Turkish experience
  is the high inflation rate which raises the
  interest rates.

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International Cooperation

• International funding might be an important
  source of funding.
• However, in most countries it amounts to the
  lowest percentage compared with other funding
  methods
• Some governments create incentives for
  international researchers to participate in local
  research by offering matching funds for
  International researchers cooperating with
  national researchers
• In such a way the resources of international
  institutions are indirectly used by the host
  country researchers
• This method of fund generation can be modified
  and adopted between Arab countries and their
  counterparts in the West

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ST Law

• Japan and China has pioneered in defining a law
  governing the ST community.
• One of the main advantages of such laws is that
  they emphasize the nations commitment to
  innovation
• The law defines the expectations from the ST
  community
• In addition it penalizes any illegal actions in
  the ST community

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Other models

• Some countries (such as Malaysia) adopted
  coaching and training procedures to increase the
  acquaintance of their researchers with the ST
  needs in their country.
• Some countries (such as France) work on the
  avoidance of draining their high-caliber
  researchers to more lucrative countries.
• The French model makes incentives by making
  special welcoming grants to returnees.
• It should be noted that main drive behind most
  successful ST performances was the commitment of
  the political leadership.
• This is very obvious in countries such as India,
  Korea, Singapore and Malaysia.

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ST Governance

Supreme Council for Science Technology Chaired
by the Prime Minister
Ministry of State for Science Technology
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Science Academy
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Research Center
Science Technological Development Fund
Production, Service and Social Sectors
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Political Leadership
S.T.S.C
M.O.S.R
S.T.D.F
Research centers n 362
73 in University 13 in Institutes 14 in
Industry
Researchers and Scientists n 98,000
Civil Community n 73 million
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ST Plan

• Objective Knowledge-based Economy
• Major Restructuring for ST Governance
• Political Support for ST
• Funding Plan
• L.E. 7.45 Billion Capital Investment
• Concentrate on Innovation

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PLAN OF ACTION

• Re-Structuring of Science and Technology
  Governance.
• National Initiative for Human Resources
  Development.
• Priority National Projects.
• Funding of Science and Technology.
• National Initiative for Informal Education.
• National Initiative for Innovation.

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Human Resource Development

• Expand Young Scientists Critical Mass.
• Encourage International Interactions Science
  Decade
• Mobility Grants.
• Brain Circulation.
• Chairs of Excellence.
• Capacity Development Packages.

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Priority National Projects

• New and Renewable Energy.
• Desalination and Water resources .
• Nano- and Bio-Technology.
• Food and Agriculture.
• Biomedical and Infectology Sciences.
• Information and Communication Technology.

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Funding of ST

• Establishment of Science and Technology
  Development Fund STDF.
• International Cooperation Agreements.
• Financial Programs and Venture Capital.
• SBRI funding mechanism.

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Initiative for Informal Education

• Science Culture and Education.
• Science and Math educational programs.
• Science and History Museum.
• Marine and Oceanography Institutes.
• Multi-Media Educational Programs.
• Science Dissemination TV Programs.

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National Initiative for Innovation

• Centers of Excellence and Industry Links.
• Encourage Multi-disciplinary Research Effort.
• SME and Spin-off companies.
• Industrial and Technological Parks.
• Innovation Fund (EU).
• Support the 4 Ps Cycle.

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4Ps Concept
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Arab States in UNESCO Science Report 2005
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Scientific PublicationIndicators for Successful
ST Policy
Number of health-biotechnology papers published
Chart of Papers in Biotechnology in Developing
Countries
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PatentsIndicators for how to use ST Effectively
Number of health-biotechnology patents issued by
US in 2003
Chart of Patents in Biotechnology in Developing
Countries
Both Indicators are most effective when acting
together (progress together)
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Conclusion

• Education, Research and Innovation are the
  vehicles to
• Sustainable Development
• To Achieve that, we have to invest in
• . Education
• . Research
• . Innovation

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• Thank You