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Infancy

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Parenting Styles. Authoritarian value obedience and. use a high degree of power assertion ... with a permissive parenting style may be permissive-indulgent ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Infancy


1
Infancy Childhood
  • Physical Social Development

2
The Beginnings of Life The Newborn
3
Infant Abilities
  • Infants are born with immature visual system
  • can detect movement and large objects
  • Other senses function well on day 1
  • will orient to sounds
  • turn away from unpleasant odors
  • prefer sweet to sour tastes
  • Senses are keenly attuned to people, helping the
    infant quickly learn to differentiate between the
    mother and other humans.
  • Born with a number of reflex behaviors

4
Newborn and the Apgar Readings
  • WatchTesting Competency In a Newborn Video 13
    from Worths Digital Media Archive for Psychology

Click Here to Play in Separate Window
5
Infant Reflexes
  • Reflex is an automatic, unlearned response
  • Rootingturning the head and opening the mouth in
    the direction of a touch on the cheek. Child is
    looking for nourishment.
  • Suckingsucking rhythmically in response to oral
    stimulation
  • Graspingcurling the fingers around an object
  • Babinskifanning and curling toes when foot is
    stroked
  • Morothrowing the arms out, arching the back and
    bringing the arms together as if to hold onto
    something (in response to loud noise or sudden
    change in position of the head)

6
Reflexes in the Newborn
  • Watch Reflexes in the Newborn Video 14 from
    Worths Digital Media Archive for Psychology

Click Here if you to watch this in a separate
window
7
Newborn Reflexes
  • Play Capabilities of the Newborn (359) Segment
    13 from The Mind Psychology Teaching Modules
    (2nd edition)

8
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
9
Infant, Toddler, Child
  • Infant First year
  • Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
  • Child Span between toddler and teen

10
Infancy and Childhood The Developing Brain
11
Neural Development
  • At birth, the newborns brain is 25 of its adult
    weight its birth weight, by contrast, is 5 of
    its eventual adult weight
  • By the end of infancy a babys brain will be 75
    of its adult weight but their body and height
    will be about 20
  • Newborns enter the world with an estimated 100
    billion neurons. After birth, the brain continues
    to develop rapidly.
  • The number of dendrites increases dramatically
    during the first two years of life.
  • The axons of many neurons acquire myelin, the
    white, fatty covering that increases a neurons
    communication speed.

12
Neural Development
13
Pruning Synaptic Connections
  • By age 6, the childs brain is about 95 percent
    of its adult size
  • Although overall brain size doesnt change during
    childhood and adolescence, dramatic changes in
    the number of interconnections occur
  • Unused dendrites, synaptic connections, and
    neurons are discarded

14
Infancy and Childhood Motor Development
15
Maturation
  • Biological growth processes that enable orderly
    changes in behavior

16
Motor Development
  • Includes all physical skills and muscular
    coordination
  • The basic sequence of motor skill development
    during infancy is universal, but the average ages
    can be a little deceptive.
  • Each infant has his or her own genetically
    programmed timetable of physical maturation and
    developmental readiness to master different motor
    skills.

17
Motor Development
18
Motor Development
  • Play Baby Body Sense (1100) Segment 24 from
    Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
    for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition)

19
Social and Personality Development
20
Temperament
  • A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
    and intensity
  • A child might be
  • An easy or slow to warm or difficult baby
  • Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
    through a persons life.
  • Temperament has a genetic and biological basis,
    but that environmental experiences can modify a
    childs basic temperament.

21
Temperament
  • Easyadaptable, positive mood, regular habits
  • Slow to warm uplow activity, somewhat slow to
    adapt, generally withdraw from new situations
  • Difficultintense emotions, irritable, cry
    frequently
  • Averageunable to classify (1/3 of all children)

22
Temperament
  • Play Bringing Up Monkeys (940) Segment 23
    from Scientific American Frontiers Video
    Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
    edition)

23
Infant Attachment
Intense emotional bond between infant and
caregiver (mother)
24
Attachment Theory
  • An infants ability to thrive physically and
    psychologically depends in part on the quality of
    attachment.
  • Infants can form multiple attachments.

25
Forms of Attachment
  • Securely attachedexplores the room when mother
    is present, becomes upset and explores less when
    mother is not present, shows pleasure when mother
    returns

26
Forms of Attachment
  • Insecure Attachment - become extremely distressed
    when the mother leaves the room and, when
    reunited, are hard to soothe
  • 2 Types of Insecure Attachment
  • Avoidantly attacheda form of insecure attachment
    in which child avoids mother and acts coldly to
    her
  • Anxious resistant attachmenta form of insecure
    attachment where the child remains close to
    mother and remains distressed despite her
    attempts to comfort

27
Attachment
  • Play Attachment (503) Segment 21 from
    Psychology The Human Experience

28
Ainsworths Strange Situation
  • Mother-child dyads were observed in a playroom
    under four conditions
  • initial mother-child interaction
  • mother leaves infant alone in playroom
  • friendly stranger enters playroom
  • mother returns and greets child
  • Study done with infants between 1 and 2 years old

29
Strange-Situation Test
  • Watch Morellis Strange-Situation Test Video
    17 from Worths Digital Media Archive for
    Psychology.

Click Here if you to watch this in a separate
window
30
Effects of Attachment
  • Secure attachment predicts social competence.
  • Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
    outcome.
  • A responsive environment helps most infants
    recover from attachment disruption.

31
Attachment
32
Social Development
  • Play Social Development in Infancy (644)
    Segment 15 from The Mind Psychology Teaching
    Modules (2nd edition)

33
Stranger Anxiety
  • The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8
    months of age

34
Stranger Anxiety
  • Insert Stranger Anxiety Video 16 from Worths
    Digital Media Archive for Psychology

Click Here if you to watch this in a separate
window
35
AttachmentHarry Harlows Monkey Experiments
36
Attachment
  • An emotional tie with another person resulting in
    seeking closeness
  • Children develop strong attachments to their
    parents and caregivers.
  • Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all
    contribute to attachment.

37
Harlows Study of Attachment
  • Infant rhesus monkeys were placed with two
    surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one
    covered with soft cloth
  • Milk-producing nipple was attached to either the
    wire or the cloth mother
  • Attachment was based on contact comfort rather
    than feeding

38
Harlows Monkeys
39
Harry Harlow
  • The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
    mother.

40
Harry Harlow
41
Harlows Studies
  • Play Harlows studies on Dependency in Monkeys
    Video 12a from Worths Digital Media Archive for
    Psychology

Click Here if you to watch this in a separate
window
42
Harlows Studies
  • Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
    Monkeys Video 12b from Worths Digital Media
    Archive for Psychology

Click Here if you to watch this in a separate
window
43
Harlows Studies
  • Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
    Monkeys Video 12c from Worths Digital Media
    Archive for Psychology.

Click Here if you to watch this in a separate
window
44
Harlows Study
45
Familiarity Imprinting in Animals
46
Familiarity
  • Sense of contentment with that which is already
    known
  • Infants are familiar with their parents and
    caregivers.

47
Imprinting and Critical Period
  • A process by which certain animals, early in
    life, form attachments
  • The imprinted behavior develops within a critical
    period--an optimal period when the organisms
    exposure to certain stimuli produce the imprinted
    behavior.
  • Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.

48
Konrad Lorenz
  • Studied imprinted behaviors
  • Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
    moving object they see.

49
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
50
Raising Psychologically Healthy Children
  • Parenting Styles

51
Responsiveness
  • Responsive parents are aware of what their
    children are doing.
  • Unresponsive parents ignore their
    children--helping only when they want to.

52
Baumrinds Parenting Styles
  • Authoritarianvalue obedience and use a high
    degree of power assertion
  • Authoritativeless concerned with obedience,
    greater use of induction
  • Permissivemost tolerant, least likely to use
    discipline
  • Neglectfulcompletely uninvolved

53
Basic Parenting Styles
  • Parents with an authoritarian parenting style are
    demanding and unresponsive toward their
    childrens needs and wishes
  • Parents with a permissive parenting style may be
    permissive-indulgent (extremely tolerant, not
    demanding, and responsive to their children) or
    permissive-indifferent (extremely tolerant, not
    demanding, and not responsive to their children).
  • Parents with an authoritative parenting style set
    clear standards for their childrens behavior but
    are also responsive to their childrens needs and
    wishes

54
Authoritarian Parenting
  • Low in warmth
  • Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
  • Communication high from parent to child and low
    from child to parent
  • Maturity expectations are high.

55
Permissive Parenting
  • High in warmth but rarely discipline
  • Communication is low from parent to child but
    high from child to parent.
  • Expectations of maturity are low.

56
Authoritative Parenting
  • High in warmth with moderate discipline
  • High in communication and negotiating
  • Parents set and explain rules.
  • Maturity expectations are moderate.

57
Effects on Children
  • Children of authoritarian parents are likely to
    be moody, unhappy, fearful, withdrawn,
    unspontaneous, and irritable this style promotes
    resentment and rebellion.
  • Children of permissive parents tend to be more
    immature, impulsive, and aggressive, and they may
    never learn self-control
  • Children of authoritative parents tend to be
    cheerful, socially competent, energetic, and
    friendly. They show high levels of self-esteem,
    self-reliance, and self-control

58
Suggestions for Being an Authoritative Parent
  • Let your children know that you love them.
  • Listen to your children.
  • Use induction to teach as you discipline.
  • Work with your childs temperamental qualities.
  • Understand your childs age-related cognitive
    abilities and limitations.
  • Dont expect perfection, and learn to go with the
    flow.

59
Parenting Styles
60
Parental Influences
  • Play Gender Development Social Influences
    (402) Module 3 from The Brain Teaching Modules
    (2nd edition)
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