Competitive Advantage

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Competitive Advantage

• The key to competitive success is to create an
  organizational culture where human capabilities
  are maximized.
• What determines the success of any sport
  organization is the combination of people who
  create the vision of what needs to be
  accomplished and who set the strategies in action
  to carry out these plans.

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Total Quality Management

• TQM focuses on
• - customer satisfaction,
• - seeking continuous improvement, and
• - ensuring full involvement of the entire
  organization in improving quality.

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Human Resources in Sport

• University or college - athletic director
• coaches
• Ski resort - owner, lift operators, instructors
• Retail sport franchise - distributors,
  manufacturers, staff
• Recreation centers - Director, facility manager,
  community developer

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• Since sport takes place in different settings
  (profit oriented and nonprofit oriented) the
  goals of human resource needs of these different
  kinds of sport organizations are often quite
  diverse.
• Sport employees could be full-time, part-time,
  seasonal, contractual, and volunteer.

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Human Resource Management Paradigms
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Traditional Paradigm

• Concerned with devising systems whereby employees
  can be recruited, selected, trained, and rewarded
  to optimize productivity.
• The traditional approach usually begins with an
  inventory of current staff and then needs can be
  assessed to determine if expanding, retaining, or
  reducing staff is required.

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Types of questions sport managers would have
based on this paradigm

• How many employees do we need and what kinds of
  skills and abilities should they possess?
• What types of training will new employees need to
  fit the requirements of the job?
• How will we evaluate the performance of our
  employees and volunteers?

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Interpretive Paradigm

• Focuses on understanding the everyday
  interactions of people in the organization.
• Conflict between individuals and groups can lead
  to the generation of new ideas and solutions,
  which leads to innovation and creativity.

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• One must understand the symbols, values,
  ideologies, and myths that shape the ways in
  which business is conducted.

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• Symbols refer to the language and rituals that
  are used to form the basis of shared meanings,
  values, and understandings.
• Rituals are the formal behavior that are repeated
  for specific occasions (singing of national
  anthem, awarding of trophies and medals)

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• Ideology refers to the set of beliefs that
  organizational members have about the correct
  way of conducting business.
• Myths are descriptions or stories recounted by
  organizational members that reveal how
  organizational members interpret past events and
  define themselves as unique.

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Types of Questions

• How do employees react to the ways in which
  managerial authority is (or is not) exercised?
• What are the unwritten norms, values, and beliefs
  that guide actions, and to what degree are they
  shared by organizational members?

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Critical Paradigm

• Deals with issues such as domination, corruption,
  employee exploitation, discrimination, racism,
  substance abuse, and workplace safety.
• The aim of this paradigm is to challenge the
  status quo and create change in existing systems
  to eradicate the power imbalances that currently
  exist.

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Power Imbalances

• Nepotism - preferential hiring of friends and
  family members.
• Stacking - whites predominately occupying
  central positions on sports teams, while minority
  groups are overrepresented in the peripheral, or
  noncentral, positions.

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Types of Questions

• How is power exercised and what are the
  consequences?
• What strategies can managers use to tap the
  potential that a diverse work force brings to the
  organization?
• What role does the manager play in fostering
  ethical behavior in sport organizations?

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• Todays quickly changing society makes it
  important to use multiple paradigms in human
  resource management. By no longer being
  restricted to one view, HRM can look at a
  number of new situations and come up with
  creative solutions to increasingly complex and
  unusual problems.