Approaches to Psychology

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Approaches to Psychology
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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalytic Model
• Structure of the mind
• Defense mechanisms
• Stages of early psychosexual development

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Structure of the mind
• Id
• Libido and Thanatos
• Operates according to the Pleasure Principle
• Processing Information Primary Process
• Emotional, irrational, illogical, fantasy-driven

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Structure of the mind
• Ego
• Part of mind that ensures we act realistically in
  meeting our needs
• Mediate conflict between id and superego
• Operates according to the reality principle
• Information Processing Secondary process
• Logic and reason

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Structure of the mind
• Superego
• Conscience
• Driven by moral principles

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• 2. Defense Mechanisms
• Unconscious protective processes that keep
  primitive emotions associated with conflicts in
  check
• Denial
• Displacement
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Reaction formation
• Repression
• Sublimation

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Psychosexual stages of development
• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latency
• Genital

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Later developments
• Anna Freud
• Ego Psychology
• Object Relations
• Carl Jung
• More optimistic, less sinister world view

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Psychodynamic Approach

• Impulses, desires, motives determine human
  behavior, conflicts that are intrapsychic are
  out of awareness
• Intrapsychic factors cause both normal abnormal
  behaviors
• Childhood sets down foundations for behavior
  through satisfaction or frustration of basic
  needs/impulses early relationships with family,
  peers, and authority figures are given special
  attention
• Clinical assessment treatment should emphasize
  intrapsychic activity if behavior is to be
  understood and behavior problems are to be
  alleviated

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Other Psychodynamic Approaches
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Pros/Cons of Psychodynamic Approach

• Basic concepts are too vague to be measured and
  tested scientifically
• Did not evolve out of research
• Its cultural diversity application
• Reliability and validity of psychodynamic
  instruments
• Focus on sex and aggression
• Focus on childhood

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Behavioral Model

• Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Classical Conditioning
• UCS
• UCR
• Neutral Stimulus
• CS
• CR

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Behavioral Model

• John Watson (1878-1958)
• Considered founder of behaviorism
• Little Albert
• Joseph Wolpe (1915- )
• Systematic Desensitization

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Behavioral Model

• Operant Conditioning
• BF Skinner (1904-1990)
• Rather than assuming that behavior reflects ones
  motives or needs
• Examined the consequences of the behavior

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Behavioral Approach

• Social Learning
• Albert Bandura
• Vicarious Cognitive Processes
• Bobo doll
• Self-efficacy
• Expectancies about what one can and cannot do in
  a given situation

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Behavioral Approach

• Aaron Beck
• Ones cognitive APPRAISALS of their own behavior
  precede influence their emotional reaction to
  events
• These thoughts become so automatic that they
  influence future emotional reactions without
  conscious awareness

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Pros/Cons of Behavioral Approach

• Overly reductionistic
• Might explain simple stimulus-response
  relationships, but not adequately with more
  complex, internal processes
• Animal-laboratory based

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Humanistic Theory

• Self-Actualization
• Underlying assumption
• we can reach our highest potential in all areas
  of functioning
• Number of conditions block our actualization
• Since every person is basically good whole,
  most blocks originate outside the individual

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Humanistic Theory

• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• Hierarchy of needs

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Humanistic Theory

• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Originated person-centered therapy
• Unconditional positive regard
• Empathy
• Pros and Cons of Humanistic Theory