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Chapter 14: Sociocultural Dimensions of Behavior

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Title: Chapter 14: Sociocultural Dimensions of Behavior


1
Module 32 Social Thinking and Social Influence
I. Social Thinking
  • Chapter 14 Sociocultural Dimensions of Behavior

2
A. Attribution Theory
  • Tendency to explain the behavior of others in
    terms of the situation or the persons disposition

3
1. Fundamental Attribution Error
  • The tendency to blame (or credit) the person more
    than the situation
  • EX When Fred gets a 42 on the test, you
    conclude that he is unmotivated to do well in
    school.

4
B. Attitude
  • A belief that predisposes one to respond in a
    particular way to objects, people, and events

5
1. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
  • Occurs when a belief about others leads us to act
    in ways that cause the others to behave in such a
    way that the belief is confirmed
  • EX Teachers who believe boys are better at math
    may show them preferential treatment that leads
    them to outperform the girls.

6
a. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon The tendency
for people who have first agreed to a small
request to comply later with a larger request
2. Actions Affecting Attitudes
  • EX After Mary Kay gives you a free makeover,
    you are more likely to purchase an assortment of
    expensive products.

7
b. Role Playing Playing a role can influence
or change ones attitude
  • EX Zimbardos Prison Study
  • College students played the role of guard or
    prisoner in a simulated prison.
  • The study was ended when the guards became too
    aggressive and cruel.

8
c. Cognitive Dissonance
  • The theory that people act to reduce the
    discomfort they feel when their thoughts are
    inconsistent with their actions
  • People will change thoughts or actions in order
    to be consistent
  • EX Fern became less favorable of abortion after
    she had to argue against it in a government
    debate.

9
II. Social Influence
  • Module 32 Social Thinking and Social Influence

10
A. Conformity
  • Adjusting ones behavior or thinking to match a
    unanimous group standard
  • 1. Solomon Aschs Line Study individuals went
    along with the majority opinion, even when the
    group was clearly incorrect

11
Aschs Conformity Study
12
Aschs Conformity Study
13
a. Factors Increasing Conformity
  • The person feels incompetent or insecure.
  • The group has 3 people.
  • The rest of the group is unanimous.
  • The person is impressed by the status of the
    group.
  • Ones culture encourages conformity.

14
B. Obedience
  • The tendency to comply with orders, implied or
    real, from someone perceived as an authority
  • 1. Stanley Milgrams Obedience Study 65 of
    participants continued to obey despite the
    possibility of serious injury to a fellow
    participant.

15
Milgrams Obedience to Authority
16
Milgrams Obedience to Authority
17
Milgrams Obedience to Authority(Data from
Milgram, 1974)
18
Milgrams Obedience to Authority
19
C. Group Influence
  • Social Facilitation Improved performance of
    simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of
    others
  • EX Expert pool players made 71 of shots while
    alone, and 80 when a group was observing.

20
2. Social Loafing
  • The tendency for people in a group to exert less
    effort when working on a common goal than when
    individually accountable
  • EX Pulling harder on a tug-of-war rope when
    alone than when in a group

21
3. Deindividuation
  • The loss of self-awareness, self-restraint, and
    sense of responsibility that comes with the
    anonymity of a group
  • EX Crowd of fans throws bottles and tears up
    the field after their team loses by one point

22
4. Group Polarization The enhancement of a
groups attitudes through discussion within the
group
  • 5. Groupthink Occurs when the desire for
    harmony overrides good decision-making in a group

23
Module 33
  • III. Social Relations
  • A. Attraction
  • 3 key ingredients Proximity, Physical
    attractiveness, Similarity

24
1. Mere Exposure Effect
  • The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel
    stimuli increases liking of them
  • EX The bus driver seems old and gruff at first,
    but by the end of the school year she doesnt
    seem so bad anymore.

25
2. Self-Disclosure
  • Revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to
    another person.
  • Can increase feelings of attraction.

26
B. Altruism Unselfish regard for the welfare of
others
  • 1. Bystander Effect Failure to take personal
    responsibility for helping a victim when others
    are present
  • EX Kitty Genovese Case - 38 people heard her cry
    for help but didnt help. She was raped and
    stabbed to death.

27
Prejudice an unjustifiable attitude toward a
group1. Stereotype A generalized belief
about a group of people
  • Module 33 Social Relations

28
2. Discrimination Taking action against a
group of people because of stereotypes and
prejudice 3. Ingroup Bias The tendency to
favor ones own group, usually at the expense of
the outgroup (those perceived as different from
us)
29
4. Just-World Phenomenon
  • The tendency to believe that people get what they
    deserve and deserve what they get
  • Good is rewarded and evil is punished
  • EX Victims of a natural disaster are being
    punished by God for their sin.

30
D. Cooperation
  • 1. Superordinate Goals shared goals that
    override differences among people and require
    cooperation
  • EX Sherifs Robbers Cave Study A planned
    disruption in the water supply at a Boy Scout
    camp created a superordinate goal, which led to
    increased cooperation.

31
The End
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