Environmental Tobacco Smoke Indicators

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke Indicators

• Giuseppe Gorini, Antonio Gasparrini,
• Maria Cristina Fondelli
• Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit
  - CSPO , Florence, Italy
• g.gorini_at_cspo.it
• Giovanni Invernizzi
• Tobacco Control Unit National Cancer Institute,
  Milan, Italy

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Environmental tobacco smoke constituents
classified as certain or probable carcinogenic or
reproductive toxicants
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Health impact of ETS exposure

• Among health effects associated with ETS
  exposure, I stress on asthma in children as the
  European Environment and Health Strategy
  suggests.
• In Italy every year
• 27,000 asthma cases in children are attributable
  to ETS exposure (9.1 of all asthma cases in
  children)
• Adults
• 300-400 lung cancer deaths out of 2,100 lung
  cancer deaths in non-smokers are attributable to
  ETS exposure
• 2,000 deaths for ischemic heart disease out of
  24,000 deaths in non-smokers are attributable to
  ETS exposure

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Nicotine measurements ETS Project, Italy
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ETS Project Italy II
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• Nicotine is spreadly used because it is specific
  of tobacco-smoking, but it is possible to measure
  average concentrations of the sampling period
  only.
• Nicotine decays in a unpredictable way.
• Have a look to an other ETS marker PM

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Educational perspective PM from ETS vs. diesel
car exhaust
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• Although PM2.5 is a reliable marker of ETS, it is
  not specific. In fact it is produced by many
  sources of combustion such as fossil fuels or
  cooking activities.
• BUT
• WHICH IS the BEST ETS MARKER?

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Project ETS markers Review of methods for
monitoring exposure levels

• Aims of the project are
• reviewing different markers of ETS in order to
  better understand the available methods for
  measuring ETS exposure, and which marker is the
  most suitable for monitoring ETS exposure in
  Public Places.
• discussing the specific characteristics of
  different methods in order
• to compare their practicability, the methodology
  of measurements
• friendly-user characteristics,
• rapidity of response,
• reproducibility of results, costs
• capacity to impact with people understanding,

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• Description of the working process/ methodology
• Review of Literature published in peer-reviewed
  journals (Medline) on ETS markers.
• Production of synoptic tables in order to compare
  characteristics of different ETS markers.
• Production of a Report

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Results and dissemination of results

• The review of ETS markers will contribute to
  better understand which marker (or which
  combination of markers) is the most suitable for
  monitoring the compliance with the anti-smoking
  Laws in Europe.
• The review might constitute a contribution for
  the Authorities which have to prepare the
  Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
  Standards for ETS.
• Educational perspective (e.g., ETS vs. diesel car
  exhaust)

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Environmental markers

• Vapour-phase Markers carbon monoxide, nicotine,
  benzene, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic
  hydrocarbons, toluene, xylenes, solanesol,
  scopoletin, myosmine, 3- etenylpiridine
• Particulate Markers PM10, PM2.5 , UVPM, FPM,
  Solanesol, Scopoletine

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Biomarkers measured in urine, blood, saliva,
hair of non-smokers exposed to ETS

• 1. Carcinogenic
• PAH. 1-HOP (1-hydroxypyrene) benzo-a-pyrene and
  its metabolites. As DNA , albumine or hemoglobine
  adducts. Not tobacco-specific
• Aromatic amines. 4-ABP (4-aminobiphenyl), as DNA
  or hemoglobin adducts tobacco specific
• N-nitrosamines. NNAL 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-
  pyridyl)-1-butanol , metabolite of NNK
  4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
  spreadly used tobacco-specific. Used also HPB
  4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone , a NNK
  metabolite.
• Benzene. 2 metabolites tt-MA (trans,trans-Muconi
  c Acid) and S-PMA (S-phenylmercapturic acid).
•  

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Biomarkers II

• 2. Non carcinogenic tobacco-specific
• Nicotine hair concentration for long time ETS
  exposure evaluation
• Cotinine. Nicotine metabolite. Spreadly used.
  Short time ETS exposure evaluation measured in
  saliva and urine.
• Others
•