Three Paths to a Single Solution How to Solve the Problem of Poor Quality and Low Quantity of Gasoli

1
Three Paths to a Single SolutionHow to Solve
the Problem of Poor Quality and Low Quantity of
Gasoline
2
The Need For Light

• The story of auto fuels and air pollution begins
  with lamp fuel. Long before recorded history,
  people found comfort by a firelight and ways to
  light up the dark, Cave paintings dating back
  60,000 years were probably created by the light
  of torches. Oil lamps from around 6,000 B.C. have
  been found in the earliest Babylonian cities.
• Archaeologists have found a wide variety of lamps
  and lanterns made during the Classical
  civilizations of Egypt, Greece, Rome, India and
  China. The lamps burned vegetable oils or animal
  fat and usually had a spout or a wick. Decorative
  lanterns held candles made from beeswax or fat.
• New lighting systems would be developed and the
  fuels for these, in turn, would be the fuels that
  automotive inventors used in their early cars.

3
How the Transition Was Made

• The market for kerosene lamp fuel was around 200
  million gallons at the end of 1870, and it grew
  to about 500 million by 1900. But this amount was
  still only a fraction of what would be required
  for the new automobile markets within two
  decades.
• In the early days of the oil industry, kerosene
  was the premium product and gasoline was a
  troublesome byproduct of petroleum refineries.
  Sometimes it was burned off or just dumped on a
  field or down a river. It was called gasoline
  because it could vaporized so easily. Some people
  in the oil industry hoped that it would be used
  by the coal gas systems being built in most
  cities and towns, but though the fuel was highly
  volatile it condensed to a liquid too easily,
  which caused problems in gas systems.
• Automotive inventors in the late 1800s saw this
  easy vaporization as a definite advantage because
  what they wanted was a liquid fuel that could
  provide an explosive air-fuel mixture for the
  internal combustion engine.

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The Cause of the Revolution

• The machine that changed the world the
  automobile - was not invented by a single heroic
  figure or even one group of inventors.
  Automobiles were a product of an industrial
  revolution in manufacturing.
• These would include Samuel Morey, whose very
  early prototype was used in a carriage and boat
  in the 1820s Nicolaus Otto, whose four cycle
  engine of the 1860s became the model for future
  internal combustion engines George Seldon, whose
  patent for a gasoline powered vehicle design
  originated in 1879 Carl Benz, who developed the
  first practical automobile manufacturing
  operation in Germany in the 1885s and many
  others.

Pictured to the left is An 1897 Charles Duryea 3
Cylinder in Peoria, IL, towing a small
trailer. On the right is a ¾ size Contemporary
Otto-Ranken engine model
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Fear of Limited Petroleum

• As early as 1906 the U.S.G.S. was reporting that
  there were going to be oil shortages.
• By 1920 there were over nine-million cars that
  were consuming three billion gallons of gas per
  year.
• These fears of oils shortages caused the U.S. to
  look abroad for possible sources. Some said we
  would go to war with Great Britain over oil
  access in the Persian Gulf.

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Alcohol in Fuel as a Replacement

• Alcohol additives were developed to put in fuel
  as a replacement.
• Doing this was a positive thing for Detroit
  because it kept cars on the road, and for farmers
  because it created new markets for agricultural
  products.
• In some cases alcohol in fuel was preferred
  because, because it was easier to make and
  harder to control than gasoline, and thus
  artificial shortages could not raise the price in
  the future. And alcohol was much safer than
  gasoline, as well as being absolutely clean and
  sanitary as said by James S. Capen, who
  represented the Detroit Board of Commerce.

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Using Hydrocarbons to Improve Fuel Quality

• To improve the anti-knock quality of gasoline
  Tetraethyllead was created.
• This product was very effective, as little as 1
  mL per liter of gasoline would increase the
  octane rating by 10 or more.
• Despite this improvement lead is very toxic and
  it was later found that the additive fouled
  catalytic converters used in modern cars.

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Conclusions

• Over the period of fuel development many
  different processes were attempted and led to
  other significant developments.
• The outlook on our natural resources had to be
  explored in order to account for how much oil the
  nation exploited.
• New and innovative designs were made to
  automobile engines to account for quality and
  supply of fuel.