Newman vs. Neuman

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Newman vs. Neuman

• Karen Byram
• Elizabeth Downs
• Angela Kramer
• Sara Miller
• Colette Spencer

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Margaret Newman

• the human being in the complexity of health and
  illness was challenging and demanding
• Best of my intellect as well as the utmost of my
  humanness (1986, 1994)

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Background

• Caregiver for her mother who had ALS
• Call to nursing
• University of Tennessee School of Nursing
• 1964 - University of California, San Francisco
• Graduate study in Medical-Surgical
• Received Masters
• 1964-1967 University of Tennessee
• Director of Nursing clinical research center
• Assistant Professor

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Background

• 1971- New York University
• Graduate study for Ph.D.
• Taught (1971-1977)
• Developed ideas as a student and colleague of
  Martha Rogers
• 1977 Penn State
• Professor-in-charge of graduate study
• 1978 Nursing theory conference, New York
• 1st time she gathered her ideas on theory of
  health

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Background

• 1984 University of Minnesota
• Nurse Theorist
• Continuing the development of the theory and
  related research with graduate students
• 1996
• Retires from teaching

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Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC)
A Margaret Newman Theory
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Newmans Theories

• The human is unitary, that is cannot be divided
  into parts and is inseparable from the larger
  unitary field
• Humans are open energy systems in continual
  contact with the environment.
• Humans are continuously active in evolving their
  own patterns of whole and are intuitive.
• the person does not possess consciousness- the
  person is consciousness

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Health as Expanding Consciousness (HEC)

• Newman published the HEC theory in 1979
• HEC theory
• assumes that life is a process of expanding
  consciousness.
• Consciousness Cognitive and affective awareness
  and interconnectedness with the environment.
• Health Outcome of interaction with the
  environment
• Centers on life patterns
• Health is a pattern

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Pattern Recognition

• Nurses help clients get in touch with the meaning
  of life by identifying their health patterns.
• Patterns that people see, hear and feel show and
  describe relationships
• Relationships within the person, with other
  people and with the environment.
• Patterns depict relationship and connectedness.
• Pattern recognition is a form of caring.

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Caring

• Nursing caring of the human health experience

• Caring, a form of knowing, is transformed into
  more inclusive caring at a higher level of
  consciousness.
• Researchers and nurses employing HEC see their
  practices as a way of forming caring
  relationships with clients.

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HEC and the Nursing Role

• the goal of nursing is not to make people well
  or to prevent their getting sick, but to assist
  people to utilize the power that is within them
  as they evolve toward higher levels of
  consciousness
• M.Newman

• Newmans Challenge to nurses
• Examine your own process of interaction within a
  relationship. This self knowledge will enhance
  the your ability to sense the unfolding pattern
  in patients, families, and communities.
• Caring in the HEC perspective is nonjudgmental,
  noninterventionist, and involves being with
  rather than just doing for.
• By spending time with the patient, nurses are
  able to take the initiative to promote health,
  not just treat the problems caused by disease.

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Betty M. Neuman, R.N., B.S.N., M.S., Ph.D.,
PLC., FAAN
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Betty Neuman
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Betty Neuman
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Betty Neumans Systems Model

• The Neumans system model has two major
  components
• Stress
• Reaction to stress.
• Viewed as an open system in which repeated cycles
  of input, process, output and feedback constitute
  a dynamic organizational pattern. Exchange with
  the environment are reciprocal, both the client
  and the environment may be affected either
  positively or negatively by the other.
• The ultimate goal is to achieve optimal
  stability.

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Betty Neumans Systems ModelMetaparadigm
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The three dimensions of the environment are the
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Betty Neumans Systems Model

• Health
• Defined as the condition in which all parts and
  subparts (variables) are in harmony with the
  whole of the client (Neuman, 1995)". The client
  is in a constant interaction with the
  environment, therefore the state of wellness is
  in dynamic equilibrium, rather than in any kind
  of steady state.
• The wellness-illness continuum
• The health of the client is seen as being at
  various levels within a normal range, rising or
  falling throughout the life span related to
  adjustment by the client system to environmental
  stressors
• - The client moves toward illness and death
  when more energy is needed than is available.
• - The client system moves toward wellness when
  more energy is available than is needed.

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Betty Neumans Systems Model

• Nursing
• A unique, holistic profession that is concerned
  with all of the variables which influence the
  response a person might have to a stressor.
  Because the person is seen as a whole, the task
  of nursing to address the whole person.
• Neuman defines nursing as actions which assist
  individuals, families and groups to maintain a
  maximum level of wellness, and the primary aim is
  stability of the patient/client system, through
  nursing interventions to reduce stressors(Wolfe,
  2000)
• The major concern of nursing is keeping the
  client system stable throughout constant life
  changes both in assessing the effects of
  environmental stressors and in assisting client
  adjustments required for optimal level wellness
  through primary, secondary and tertiary
  prevention strategies as intervention.

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Neuman Envisions a 3-Stage Nursing Process
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Betty Neumans Systems Model
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Betty Neumans Systems Model

• Published in 1972
• Focus on maintaining health Illness-wellness
  continuum
• Systems model based on interaction with
  environment stresses

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Margaret Newmans Theory of HEC

• Published 1979
• View that encompasses disease as meaningful
  aspect of health
• Unitary system creating person environment
  pattern moving in one direction

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Role of the nurse

• Betty Neuman
• Maintain the pt. wellbeing
• Assess the internal and environmental stress
• State interventions to reduce stress return to
  health

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Role of the Nurse

•  Margaret Newman
• Discover new rules/patterns for higher
  consciousness
• Intervention is pattern recognition
• Equal partnership between client and nurse

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Based on Prigogines Theory Dissipative Structure
Normal Predictable Fluctuation
Period of disorganization, unpredictability and
uncertainty
Emergence of new order at higher level of
organization
Giant Fluctuation
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Neuman Systems Model
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• Health is a condition in which all parts
• and subparts are in harmony
• with the whole of the client.
•  
• -Betty
  Neuman
•  
•  
• Every experience of life is a gift,
• to be claimed and learn
  from.
• 
  
• -Margaret
  Newman,1986

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References

• Picard, C., Jones,D. (2005). Giving voice to
  what we know. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlet
  Publishers.
• www.healthasexpandingconsciousness.org
• Chitty, K.K. (2001). Professional Nursing
  Concepts and Challenges. (3rd Ed). Philadelphia,
  PA W.B. Saunders Co.
• http//www.patheyman.com/essays/neuman/index.htm
• http//www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/appli
  cation_Betty_Neuman's_model.htm
• http//nursingtheories.blogspot.com/2008/07/betty-
  neumans.html
• http//www.nurses.info/nursing_theory_person_neuma
  n_betty.htm