Teamwork, Communication, Change, Innovation

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Teamwork, Communication, Change, Innovation

• H Edu 4790/6790

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Teams in Organizations

• Informal groups
• Committees
• Task forces
• Cross-functional teams
• Quality circles

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Self-Managed Work Teams

• Collectively accountable
• Distribute tasks
• Scheduling work
• Perform more than one job
• Develop multiple job skills
• Evaluate each other
• Responsible for total quality

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Team Development

• Forming
• Storming
• Norming
• Performing
• (Adjourning)

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Team Effectiveness and Diversity

• Lost at Sea
• Pros and cons of group decisions
• Importance of diversity

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Building norms

• Role model
• Reinforce behaviors
• Control
• Train and orient
• Recruit good people
• Regular reviews
• Good decision making

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Cohesiveness
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Building Cohesiveness

• Induce agreement
• Increase homogeneity
• Increase interaction
• Decrease size
• Introduce competition
• Reward team work
• Isolate from other teams

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Groupthink symptoms

• Invulnerability
• Rationalizing
• Group morality
• Stereotyping competitors
• Reject deviant behavior
• Self-censorship
• Illusions of unanimity
• Mind guarding

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Avoiding groupthink

• Critical evaluator
• Look to more than one option
• Discuss issues with outsiders
• Invite outside experts to participate
• Assign devils advocate
• Hold second-chance meeting

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Communication

• The creation or exchange of understanding between
  sender(s) and receiver(s).

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Model
Sender Receiver
Receiver Sender
Message
Feedback
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Encode and Decode

• Examples
• Environmental barriers
• Personal barriers

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Symbols

• Uniforms
• Pictures
• Smile or pat on the back
• Words

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Mixed messages

• Words communicate one message while actions, body
  language, or appearance communicate something
  else.

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Example

• My neighbor gets up early every morning.
• My cousin plans on being very successful some
  day.
• My friend reads a lot of books each summer.
• I hope to live to a ripe old age.
• My friend comes from a big family.

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Model
Noise
Sender Receiver
Receiver Sender
Message
Feedback
Noise
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Feedback

• Give feedback directly and with feeling
• Make feedback specific
• Timing
• Make sure feedback is valid
• Give in small doses

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Communication types

• Body
• Mind
• Heart
• Shadows

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Active listening

• Listen for content
• Listen for feelings
• Respond to feelings

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Perception and communication

• Stereotypes
• Halo effect
• Selective perception
• Projection

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Paths

• Downward
• Upward
• Horizontal
• Diagonal

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Informal

• Grapevine
• Formal follows corporate channels
• Informalinterpersonal relations

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How to improve

• MBWA
• Open office hours
• Staff advisory councils
• Suggestion boxes
• Email

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The incident!
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Conflict

• Substantive
• Emotional
• Functional
• Dysfunctional
• Person
• Interpersonal

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Conflict management style

• Avoidance
• Accommodation or smoothing
• Competition or authoritative command
• Compromise
• Collaborative (win-win)

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Conflict resolution

• Appeal to higher goals
• Expand resources
• Alter one or more human variables
• Alter physical environment
• Use integrating devices
• Change the reward system
• Policies and procedures

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Results of conflict management

• Lose-lose
• Win-lose
• Win-win

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Planned change

• Response to performance gap
• Targets for change
• Tasks
• People
• Culture
• Technology
• Structure

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Process of change

• Stage 1 Change identification
• Stage 2 Implementation planning
• Stage 3 Implementation
• Unfreezing
• Changing
• Refreezing
• Stage 4 Evaluation and feedback

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Why do we hate change?

• Why do people resist change?

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Resistance to change

• Fear of the unknown
• Disrupted habits
• Loss of confidence
• Loss of control

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Resistance to change

• Poor timing
• Work overload
• Loss of face
• Lack of purpose

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Overcoming resistance to change

• Force-coercion
• Rational persuasion
• Shared power

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Organization Development (OD)
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Stress

• Consequences
• Constructive stress
• Destructive stress
• Job burnout
• Workplace rage
• Stress management strategies

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Creativity

• Style of learning and thinking

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Creativity
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Creativity

• ___________ program
• r \ e \ a \ d \ i \ n \ g
• ECNALG

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Creativity

• Stand
• I
• j
• u
• yousme
• t

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Creativity
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10 Ways to enhance creativity

• Look for more than one right answer
• Avoid too much logic
• Challenge rules
• Ask what if questions
• Make ambiguity work for you

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10 Ways to enhance creativity

• Look on the positive side of error
• Take time to play
• Break out of your specialization
• Support nonconformity
• Believe in your creativity

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Intuition

• Your intuitive ability

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How managers deal with problems

• System thinking
• Intuitive thinking
• Multidimensional thinking
• Strategic opportunism

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Innovation

• Innovation is change, but change is not always
  innovation
• Innovation is the process of taking a new idea
  and putting it into practice
• Process innovation
• Product innovation

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Four steps in innovation

• Idea creation
• Initial experimentation
• Feasibility determination
• Final application

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Innovation roles

• Idea generators
• Information gatekeepers
• Product champions
• Project managers
• Innovation leaders
• Change agents