Title: HOW SHOULD WE DELIVER SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM CURRICULUM?
1HOW SHOULD WE DELIVER SUSTAINABILITY IN THE
TRAVEL AND TOURISM CURRICULUM?
- Derek Robbins
- Senior Lecturer
- School of Services Management
- Bournemouth University
- Poole
- Dorset
- BH12 5BB.
- drobbins_at_bournemouth.ac.uk
2(No Transcript)
3Definitions of Sustainable Development
- development that meets the need of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. - Bruntland Report (WCED 1987).
- Stewardship approach
- Vague as a basis of policy
- Paradoxically in transport the impact of use
(emissions) is more threatening to future
generations than the depletion of scarce
resources
4Developing Definitions
- INCORPORATES
- A global perspective
- Preparation for the world of work
- Values, skills and knowledge
5Sustainability Tourism
- Tourism is
- the activities of persons travelling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes - WTO cited in (Cooper et al. 2004 p13).
- Global
- Degrees are vocational
- Values ???
6Sustainability Tourism
- Sustainability has been included in Tourism
degrees over many years. - Criticisms
- Low profile in prospectuses
- (low profile in the degree itself ?)
- Sole focus is on impacts of tourism development
- Degrees in tourism typically involve an
analysis of tourism in the communities and
environments that it affects (QAA 2000 para
2.5) - Dominant focus is on environmental impacts
- (multidisciplinary study)
- Introduced too late (Level 2/3)
7Questions
- Is there a difference between sustainable
(tourism) development and sustainable tourism - (Eber 2002)
- What is wrong with a focus on tourism impacts ?
- What are the key issues of transporting tourists
to and from destination areas ? - How does one evolve sustainable development
policies to operate through tourism ? - How do values and ethical issues fit in ?
- (Is there a PC line ?)
8Delivery of Sustainability
- Introduce specific unit at Level 1 ? (Eber 2002)
- But consensus is for students to gain
- an understanding of how complex economic,
social and environmental processes interact
(Hefce 2005) - the interactions between the economic,
environmental and social (including cultural and
political) spheres (Eber 2002). - Can one study complex interactions at Level 1 ?
- Do students have the necessary underpinning ?
9PROPOSED MODEL COUSRSE TO INTRODUCE
SUSTAINABILITY AT LEVEL 1. Model A bases and
background to sustainability sustainability and
business sustainability principles
triple-bottom-line framework sustainability
principles and business environmental
aspects environment and business economic
aspects economics and business social/culturalpoli
tical aspects society and business culture and
business politics and business overview
tripple-bottom-line and business Source Eber 2002
10PROPOSED MODEL COUSRSE TO INTRODUCE
SUSTAINABILITY AT LEVEL 1.
- Model B
- introducing sustainability
- sustainability contexts
- sustainability principles
- the business case for sustainability
- global and local business
- sustainable change in business
- social justice and equity in business
- citizenship individual and corporate
- diversity and international business
- human rights representation in business
- ethical investment accounting
- ethical marketing
- overview.
- Source Eber 2002a.
11Ethical Issues Values
- Tourism development has its own specific set of
ethical questions - Economic Leakages
- Ownership (Local or International)
- Local sourcing (food beverages etc.)
- Employment of Local labour
- Nationality of senior managers or high skilled
staff - Transport has its own specific set of
environmental questions (case studies) - Objective analysis !
12Case Study OneCar Dependency Road Traffic
Growth
- There is increasing car dependency
- Consensus view
- the forecast growth in road traffic is clearly
unacceptable because of its economic and
environmental effects (DETR 1997) - 20 UK CO2 emissions
- Congestion 15 billion (plus)
- Externalities (noise, air quality, accidents)
13Policy options
- Charging for road use
- (Tolls M6)
- Congestion charging (London, Durham)
- ERP - National Scheme ?
- Fuel Duty
- Parking Policies (Supply, Price)
- Park Ride
- Improved public transport
- Little or no expansion of road network
- But analysis constrained by acceptance of overall
policy objective. -
14Policy ObjectivesTransport Tourism Conflict
- Valid objective for Transport Policy.
- Is it equally valid for Tourism Policy ?
- Strategy for growth (DCMS 1999)
- Implications for
- Visitor nos. to Rural areas (National Parks etc.)
- Businesses in scenic rural areas
- Visitor nos. to Visitor attractions
- (varies with location)
- Contrast with implications for doing nothing.
15CASE STUDY 2UK Airports Policy (London SE)
- Govt. policy is effectively predict and build
- (significant contrast to road traffic)
- Accommodate 25 traffic growth by 2020
- Policy Decisions
- T5 (under construction)
- 2nd runway Stansted (by 2011)
- 3rd runway Heathrow (between 2015 2020)
- 2nd runway Gatwick not ruled out
- Continued expansion of secondary airports
16Sustainable Development ?
- 25 CO2 emissions by 2030
- Surface access
- (employees, pax, meeters greeters)
- Noise
- Limits on ATMS ineffective)
- Air quality
- a third main runway at Heathrow would have such
severe and widespread impacts on the environment
as to be totally unacceptable
17The Wider Debate
- Unconstrained growth of UK aviation fails to meet
the requirements of sustainable development. - Objective or subjective statement ?
- Wider Analytical Framework
- Emissions trading sufficient regulatory
response - Economic cost of restraint or restriction
- Impact of restraint on Destination areas
18Conclusion
- Both case studies show
- Sustainability is natural subject matter for
tourism transport. - Systematic and objective approach
- Focus on impacts allows for a holistic analysis
- Analysis extends beyond the environmental
- Approach creates opportunities for wider debate
- Equips students for the ethical dilemmas of the
workplace
19CONCLUSIONS
- COMPARTMENTALISE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE
CURRICULUM ? - IS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AN INTEGRAL PART OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ?