Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: P2002, P2003, P2004, P2005

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Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training P-2002, P-2003,
P-2004, P-2005

• CAP Related Safety Requirements
• Types of Flights
• Security Concerns and Procedures
• Mission Pilot Responsibilities during a Mission

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SAFETY
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Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar airports

• Small, non-towered, unlighted airports
• Runways
• Taxiways
• Obstacles
• Services
• Local NOTAMS

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Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar airports

• Larger, busy airports
• Airspace and obstacles
• Taxiways
• Local NOTAMS
• A/FD or Flight Guide (Airguide Publications,
  Inc.)
• Download airport diagrams (AOPA web site)
• Taxiing around a large number of aircraft at
  mission base
• Taxi plan
• Marshallers
• If it looks too close or dangerous STOP!

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AIRPORT RUNWAY SAFETY
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AIRPORT SIGNS
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AIRPORT MARKINGS
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SQUAWKS

• Use the Discrepancy Log, especially in unfamiliar
  aircraft
• Dont let minor squawks linger
• Lights and bulbs
• Radios and navaids
• Keep aircraft windscreen and windows clean

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Fuel Management

• Maintain a sufficient fuel supply to ensure
  landing with one hour of fuel remaining (computed
  at normal POH/AFM cruise fuel consumption).
• If it becomes evident the aircraft will not have
  that amount of fuel at its intended destination,
  the PIC will divert the aircraft to an airport
  that will ensure this reserve is met.
• Have a plan
• Accurate Weight Balance, accurate fuel levels

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Fuel Management (con't)

• Note your assumptions and brief crew
• Power setting
• Wind direction and speed
• Leg and total flight distance
• Compare assumptions against actual conditions
• Modify plan and refuel, if necessary
• Check fuel status at least hourly
• Have observer verify fuel status each hour as a
  double check
• When in doubt land and refuel!

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Unfamiliar aircraft equipment

• Audio Panel, FM Radio, DF, GPS if you dont
  know it, dont fly it!
• Even simple differences can matter
• If youve never flown an HSI, now isnt the time
  to learn it!
• Sit in the aircraft and get up to speed
• Get another pilot to tutor you
• What does the equipment and gear in the baggage
  compartment weight? WB.
• Dont try to bluff

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Unfamiliar terrain and weather

• Plan for terrain and weather
• Enroute
• Area youll be operating in
• Clothing, equipment and survival gear

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Trainees Inexperienced Crew

• Trainees
• Extra time on briefing, duties responsibilities
• When not to interrupt (sterile cockpit)
• Inexperienced crew (or not proficient)
• Extra time on briefing
• May have to assume some duties
• Check 101 cards or SQTRs
• Flight line marshallers may be cadets or seniors
  on their first mission
• Be alert and have your crew stay alert

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Low and Slow

• 1000 feet AGL for extended periods of time is
  typical
• May be less than 90 knots (no less than Vx)
• Include in your proficiency flying
• Strictly enforce sterile cockpit rules
• May lose radar and communications coverage
• Climb to report ops normal
• Maintain situational awareness
• If the engine quits now, where do I land

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Low and Slow (Cont)

• Maintain a minimum of 500 feet above the ground,
  water, or any obstruction within a 1000' radius
  during daylight hours, and a minimum of 2000' AGL
  at night (except for takeoff and landing or under
  ATC control).
• For SAR/DR/CD/HLS reconnaissance, the PIC will
  maintain at least 800 AGL.
• Pilots may descend below the designated search
  altitude to attempt to positively identify the
  target (but never below 500 AGL) once the target
  has been identified the pilot will return to 800'
  AGL or higher.
• Maintain airspeed above Vx (typically 90 kts)

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TYPES OF FLIGHTS
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TRANSPORTATION FLIGHTS

• Always consult CAPR 60-1, Chapter 2 (Authorized
  Passengers) when you need to know who is
  authorized to fly as passengers in CAP aircraft
  and the conditions under which they are
  authorized to fly
• As a general rule, anyone other than CAP or US
  government employees need special permission to
  fly in CAP aircraft
• All non-CAP members eligible to fly aboard CAP
  aircraft must execute a CAPF 9, Release (for
  non-CAP Members), prior to the flight.

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FAR Exemptions(60-1 Attachment 2)

• CAP is under the FARs, but has obtained
  exemptions in two areas
• FAR Part 61 Reimbursement of Private Pilots
• FAR Part 91, Subpart F Large and Turbine
  Powered Multi-Engine Airplanes

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Remember to check the credentials of non-CAP
passengers (center)
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NIGHT FLIGHT

• Typically are transport, route searches and ELT
  searches
• CAPR 60-1 requires pilots to maintain a minimum
  of 2000' AGL at night (except for takeoff/landing
  or when under ATC control). During night
  over-water missions, both front-seat crewmembers
  must be CAP qualified mission pilots and both
  will be instrument qualified and current (the
  right-seat pilot need not be qualified in the
  specific aircraft).
• Must be night current and its preferable to have
  an experienced crew aboard
• Extra attention to the pre-flight and other
  preparations
• Weather reports and advisories
• Dew point spread (fog predictor)
• Greatest threat is flying into weather you cant
  see

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NIGHT FLIGHT

• Before you launch, ask yourself a few questions
• Are you really night proficient, or did you last
  fly 89 nights ago?
• How long has it been since youve done a night
  cross-country?
• How long has it been since youve done a night
  ELT search?
• How long has it been since youve done night
  approaches?
• When was the last time you practiced a night
  landing without a landing light?
• How familiar are you with terrain and obstacles
  along the route?
• Did you include all your flashlights in the
  weight balance?
• Include night flying (and DF) in your proficiency
  regimen!

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ILLUSIONS OF THE NIGHT

• Most significant contribution to fatal night
  accidents
• Some lead to spatial disorientation while others
  lead to landing errors
• Illusions are the most common (JFK Jr.)
• The leans enter a bank too slowly to stimulate
  the motion-sensing system of the inner ear
• Coriolis
• Graveyard spin or spiral
• Inversion
• Elevator
• False horizon
• Autokinesis

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ILLUSIONS OF THE NIGHT

• Surface conditions and atmospheric conditions can
  create illusions of incorrect height above and
  distance away from the runway
• Prevent these illusions by pre-planning and by
  flying a standard approach to all landings
• Runway width
• Runway and terrain slopes
• Featureless terrain
• Atmospheric
• Ground lighting

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INSTRUMENT (IFR) FLIGHT

• CAP missions are seldom conducted in IMC
• Most likely is a transport flight (not to
  minimums)
• Can do a route search, but ground teams are
  preferable under these circumstances
• Can DF in IMC, but dangerous
• Per CAPR 60-1, IFR flights will not depart unless
  weather is at or above the landing minimums at
  the departure airport.

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INSTRUMENT (IFR) FLIGHT

• Other requirements and recommendations
• PIC has section XIV, Instrument Proficiency,
  signed off on CAPF 91
• PIC meets FAA instrument proficiency requirements
• PIC is proficient in the type of CAP aircraft
  shell be flying
• For any flight other than a simple transport
  flight, its highly recommended that another
  instrument-proficient pilot fly in the right seat
• Never fly a search in IMC alone
• Never fly an IMC search if ground teams are
  available

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VIDEO IMAGING

• An increasing important CAP mission
• Real-time and near real-time images are
  invaluable to emergency response personnel
• Primarily
• Digital still photos (some 35mm)
• Video (analog and digital) with or without audio
  comments
• Slow Scan video

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VIDEO IMAGING

• Essentials for a successful video imaging sortie
• Ensure everyone knows what the target is and what
  types of images are needed
• Ensure you know how to find the target, and brief
  the route and video flight patterns to be used
• Ensure frequencies are understood and agreed upon
• Define the duties of the PIC and the
  photographer the photographer will actually be
  in charge during the shoot
• Ensure video equipment is working and that you
  have plenty of fresh batteries and film (media)
• Clean the window, even if you plan to open them
  for the shoot
• For Slow Scan, make sure everything is connected
  properly make a test transmission before you
  leave the ground

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TYPICAL VIDEO IMAGING PROFILE
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PROFICIENCY

• CAPR 60-1 Attachments (C1 B12)
• Practice search patterns, with and without GPS
• Practice at night
• In-flight emergencies and maneuvers will be
  conducted in daylight VMC at an altitude high
  enough to allow recovery from an inadvertent
  stall/spin entry and complete a recovery no lower
  than 1500 AGL or the aircraft manufacturers,
  FAA or CAP approved training syllabi recommended
  altitude, whichever is higher.
• Simulated forced landings will be discontinued
  prior to descending below 500 AGL (unless you
  intend to land)

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Proficiency(60-1)
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PROFICIENCY

• With the GPS, practice
• Maintaining a constant track over ground
• Select/display destinations
• Determine heading, time and distance to a
  waypoint
• Save lat/long coordinates as a User Waypoint
• Save your present position as a waypoint, call it
  up rename
• Enter and use flight plans
• Exercise the nearest airport and VOR features
• Practice navigating with present position
  (lat/long) displayed
• Take someone with you! Good for them and more
  fun!

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Security Concerns and Procedures
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SECURITY CONCERNS AIRSPACE RESTRICTIONS

• Heightened security concerns and the potential
  for flight restrictions are now part of our world
• CAPs role in Homeland Defense will require
  greater attention to aircraft, aircrew and
  airport security

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Security Concerns

• CAP resources should be considered national
  security assets
• Special security precautions must be taken to
  protect aircraft and other resources
• hangar the aircraft whenever possible. May place
  small pieces of clear tape (that will break) on
  fuel caps, the cowling and/or doors to detect
  tampering.
• Pay extra attention during pre-flight inspections
  and look for signs of fuel contamination
• Be as low-key as possible dont draw
  unnecessary attention to yourself or discuss CAP
  business in public
• Be aware of your surroundings at all times

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Airspace Restrictions

• FAA may issue Temporary Flight Restrictions
  (TFRs) at any time. May establish an ADIZ (see
  AIM Section 6).
• Ask for FDC NOTAMS before each flight if
  security is heightened, check them before each
  leg.
• Even without heightened security, avoid loitering
  or circling sensitive areas
• Power plants (especially nuclear)
• Reservoirs and dams
• Government installations
• Large stadiums or gatherings of people, air shows
• If you need to circle one of these structures for
  training, coordinate with the facility and ATC
  first.
• Monitor 121.5 MHz

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In-flight Interception

• Know how to respond (AIM 5-6-2)
• An intercept has three phases
• Approach
• Identification
• Post-intercept
• If intercepted you should immediately
• Follow the instructions of the intercepting
  aircraft
• Notify ATC, if possible
• Attempt to communicate (121.5 MHz)
• Squawk 7700 unless told otherwise

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Mission Pilot Responsibilities During a Sortie
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Phases of FlightMission Pilot Perspective

• Covered in general in Chapter 13 for
  scanners/observers
• Checklist in Attachment 2, Flight Guide
• Always follow the aircraft checklists right-seat
  should read each item and you acknowledge
• First, an often overlooked asset the glove box
• Small laminated sheets for crew and passenger
  briefings, crosswind chart, PA card (like CD), FM
  frequencies and callsigns, ELT deactivation
  stickers, and GPS cheat sheet
• Small cleaning cloth (like for glasses) to clean
  instrument faces
• Pencil/pen/grease pencil
• Backup flashlight
• Check periodically and purge non-essential stuff

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Prior to Startup

• Familiarize yourself with the aircraft paperwork
• Engine, prop, airframe, and avionics logbooks
• Can you tell when the oil change is due? Next 100
  hour/Annual? When the 24-month instrument
  certifications are due?
• Other checks
• Due date on CO monitor and Fire Extinguisher
  inspection
• ELT battery due date
• Last VOR check (within 30 days of instrument
  flight)
• Fill out the flight log double-check Hobbs
  Tach times
• Check the squawk sheet and make sure none of the
  entries make the aircraft unsafe for flight or
  reduce mission readiness

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Documents andMinimum Equipment

• Certificates and documents
• Airworthiness and Registration certificates
• Operating limitations
• Passengers credentials
• Minimum Operable Equipment (FAR 91 Subpart C)
• VFR Day, VFR Night, IFR
• FAR 91.213 to determine if you can take off with
  inoperable equipment
• Other CAP requirements (CAPR 66-1 CAPF 71)
• Review of logbooks, WB data
• Restrictive placards
• Pulselite, Avionics/Control Lock, Fire
  extinguisher, CO detector, cargo net, chocks and
  tie-downs, survival kit

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WB, Loading and Pre-start

• Weight Balance
• Use accurate weights of passengers and all
  equipment
• Note all fuel assumptions (fuel burn, winds
  aloft, etc.)
• Ensure adequate fuel reserve (one hour at normal
  cruise)
• Loading
• Ensure equipment, crew weights and supplies
  correspond to your WB assumptions
• Charts and maps
• Windows clean (modify for video imaging mission)
• Check and test special equipment
• Parking area clear of obstacles
• Pre-start
• Passenger briefing, emergency egress procedure
• Brief fuel management and taxi plan/diagram
• Enter settings into GPS

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Startup

• Aircraft checklists
• Always use them (habit) and keep them close at
  hand
• Seat belts, and shoulder harness at or below 1000
  AGL
• Startup
• Ensure DF, FM radio Audio Panel properly set up
• Rotating Beacon ON and signal marshaller
• Lean the engine after starting (gt 3000 DA)
• Set up radio and navigation instruments

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Taxi Mishaps

• Becoming a bigger problem each year
• 1 trend in CAP
• Pilots are
• straying from designated taxi routes
• not allowing adequate clearance and not
  considering the tail and wings during turns
• taxiing too fast for conditions and taxiing with
  obscured visibility
• distracted by cockpit duties
• not using other crewmembers to ensure clearance

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Taxi Mishaps

• Strategies
• Thorough planning and preparation eliminates
  distractions
• Crew assignments for taxi
• If within ten feet of an obstacle, stop, and then
  taxi at a pace not to exceed a slow walk until
  clear
• Do not follow other taxiing aircraft too closely
  (e.g., 50 feet behind light aircraft 100 feet
  behind small multi-engine and jet aircraft 500
  feet behind helicopters and heavies)
• Use proper tailwind/headwind/crosswind control
  inputs
• Treat taxiing with the seriousness it deserves
• Sterile cockpit rules

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Taxi

• Collision avoidance! Follow CAPR 60-1
  requirements for taxi operations. Read back
  taxi/hold-short.
• Review crew assignments for taxi, takeoff,
  departure
• Sterile cockpit rules are now in effect
• Remind crew that most midair collisions occur
• Daylight VFR
• Within five miles of an airport (especially
  un-controlled)
• At or below 3000 AGL
• Signal marshaller before taxi, test brakes

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Takeoff, Climb and Departure

• Takeoff
• Collision avoidance! Check for landing traffic.
• Cross-wind limits (POH or 15 knots, whichever is
  less)
• High density altitude lean for full power
  before takeoff
• Climb
• Collision avoidance!
• Lean (burn gas not valves)
• Use shallow S-turns and lift wing before turns to
  check traffic
• Departure
• Collision avoidance! Keep crew apprised of
  conflicts.
• Sterile cockpit rules can be relaxed when clear
• Organize the cockpit, review assignments, set up
  for next task
• Check fuel status and altimeter setting hourly

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The Search Area

• Transit
• In none assigned, use odd altitudes during
  transit to minimize chance for midair collision
• Cross military training routes perpendicular. If
  you see one fighter, look for the wingman
• Double-check settings and review methods to
  reduce crew fatigue or high altitude effects
• Update weather, file PIREP, review procedures
• Approaching the search area
• Review assignments
• Check navigational instruments against each other
• Stabilize aircraft at least two miles out
• Exterior lights on

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The Search Area

• In the search area
• Log and report In the Search Area
• Log deviations from assigned search parameters
• Hourly updates of altimeter (closest source) and
  fuel status
• Limit time spent below 800 AGL (no lower than 500
  AGL during daylight 2000 AGL at night)
• Airspeed gt Vx, typically 90 kts
• Monitor yourself and crew for fatigue and high
  altitude effects
• Departing the search area
• Log and report Leaving the Search Area
  reorganize cockpit
• Double-check heading and altitude assigned to
  transit to next search area or return to base
• Reorganize the cockpit

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Approach, Decent and Landing

• Approach
• Get ATIS/AWOS, review airport/airspace diagram,
  taxi plan
• Sterile cockpit rules are now in effect
• Collision avoidance! Lights on within 10 miles
  of airport.
• Decent
• Collision avoidance! Shallow S-turns and lift
  wings before turns
• Richen mixture as you reduce power
• Landing
• Read back all clearances and hold-short
  instructions
• Defer after-landing check until off the active
• Remember to fly the plane till you shut off the
  engine
• Taxi back per taxi plan, watch for Marshallers
• At engine shutdown, show Marshaller the keys,
  install chocks

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Shutdown and Post-Flight

• Shutdown
• Fill out logs
• Enter any discrepancies (be specific and
  complete)
• Secure aircraft
• Post-flight. If this was the last flight of the
  day
• Install chocks, tie-downs, avionics/control lock,
  Pitot cover and engine plugs
• Check Master Switch and Parking Brake OFF
• Remove trash, personal equipment, and special
  equipment
• Lock windows, doors and baggage compartment
• Inspect aircraft check oil and refuel
• Clean the aircraft (at least the windshield and
  windows)
• Sign off any SQTR tasks that were accomplished

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How can I improve POD?

• Pay attention and ask questions during briefings
• Plan thoroughly so you can concentrate on the
  mission at hand
• Hit your numbers! Altitude, airspeed, position
• Use the GPS very accurate, especially with no
  landmarks
• Be mindful of your crew no unnecessary steep
  turns look for less turbulence or cooler air if
  possible ensure sufficient breaks ensure
  sufficient fluid consumption watch for the
  crewmember whos obviously not feeling well but
  doesnt want to complain.
• Give a thorough debriefing and be totally honest
• Stay proficient!

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Flying the Mission

• Mechanics of planning and executing search
  patterns are covered in Chapters 10 and 11 (of
  the MART)
• Number of scanners
• Most planning (and tables) assume there are at
  least two scanners on board, one looking out each
  side of the aircraft
• Remember you (the pilot) are not a scanner!
• If there is only one scanner
• Will only be scanning out one side, usually the
  right
• You must plan and fly so as to keep the right
  side of the aircraft facing the search area at
  all times, on each leg
• Increases the time needed to search a given area
• Reduces search effectiveness (less double
  coverage)
• Parallel track or creeping line patterns not
  recommended

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Flying a Search Pattern

• Your primary contribution to the success of the
  mission is to fly assigned search patterns
  completely and precisely
• This must be done while fulfilling the duties of
  a PIC primarily see and avoid obstacles and
  other aircraft
• Must consider the possibility of engine trouble
  or failure at low altitudes always have an out
• Low and slow and the engine quits. Where do you
  land?
• Always be honest and forthright with yourself and
  crew
• Not at the right airspeed or altitude when you
  enter the pattern? Exit and re-enter when youre
  set up.
• Made the last turn a tad wide? Redo the leg, if
  necessary.
• Scanner complaining that he cant see anything?
  Slow to something less than 120 knots.

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To Go or Not to Go?That is the Question

• Lets see..been briefed, planned the sortie, got
  my releases, preflight is done and the crew is
  briefed
• A mission pilot may accomplish all of this and
  still not be safe to fly the mission
• How can this be?

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To Go or Not to Go?That is the Question

• It all comes down to the individual and the
  circumstances
• How long has it been since youve taken off with
  a 14 knot cross-wind?
• Have you ever taken off and landed on an icy
  runway?
• When did you last fly cross-country at night?
• When was the last time you flew in actual IMC?
• Two primary stupid (mission) pilot traits
• Overconfidence (Who? Me?? No!!!)
• The need to accomplish the mission no matter what

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To Go or Not to Go?That is the Question

• The most effective way to prevent you from
  becoming the weak link in an accident chain
• Be brutally honest about your abilities, given
  the present (or predicted) circumstances
• A mission pilot must have the courage and
  integrity to decline a mission you dont feel
  comfortable doing
• Always remember that others are putting their
  lives in your hands!