Moving On UP The Transition to Faster, Larger More Complex Aircraft

1
Moving On UPThe Transition to Faster,
LargerMore Complex Aircraft

• Dave Fry, ATP/CFII/MEI/CFIG

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Topics

• Systems
• Other Differences
• Learning the New Airplane

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Systems

• Constant Speed Prop
• Retractable Gear
• Turbo-Charging
• Pressurization
• De-Ice/Anti-Ice
• Electrical

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Systems (Continued)

• Speed Brakes
• Radar
• Turbine
• Avionics

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Constant Speed Prop

• Automatic Pitch Change for Best Performance
• Takeoff to Landing
• Power Settings and Over Square

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Constant Speed PropPitch Change Mechanism
High RPM
Low RPM
On RPM
Oil
To Prop
To Prop
To Prop
Oil
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Takeoff to Landing

• Takeoff - High RPM Setting, Full Power
• Climb - Top of Green X 3
• Cruise - Lowest RPM for Desired Power
• Descent - Reduce Throttle 1 Inch Per Minute
• Landing - Prop High RPM After Throttle Below 18
  Inches

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Takeoff to LandingMethodology

• Power Increase - Mixture, Prop, Throttle
• Power Decrease - Throttle, Prop Mixture

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Power Settings

• High RPM, Low Power - Hardest on Engine
• High Power, Low RPM - Best if OK by POH
• Over Square - Absolute Fiction

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Retractable Gear

• Types
• Operation

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Types of Retractable Gear

• Hydraulic - Aztec, most jets
• Electric - Bonanza, Baron
• Electric Motor, Hydraulic Pump - Arrow, Cutlass,
  Centurion, Malibu, Saratoga
• Armstrong - Older Mooney

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Gear Operation

• Takeoff - No Useable Runway Left, Tap Brakes,
  Raise Gear
• Downwind or FAF - Gear Down - Hand on Handle
  Until Down and Locked
• Base or 500 Feet - Confirm Down and Locked
• Short Final - Final Check, Down and Locked

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Turbocharging

• Structure
• Operation

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Turbocharging Structure
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Turbocharging Structure (Continued)
Waste Gate
Exhaust
To Intake Manifold
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Turbocharging Operations

• Power Increases
• Normal Until Boost Range
• Very Rapid With Tendency to Over Boost
• Real Problem When Cold
• Power Decreases
• An Inch a Minute to Avoid Shock Cooling
• Plan MUCH Further Ahead

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Pressurization Topics

• Pressurization Operation
• Pre-Takeoff and Pre-Landing Checklist

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Pressurization - Pre Engine Start
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Pressurization - Engine Start
Ambient
Cabin
GI
Vacuum
FI
GND
Control
FLT
Rate Ctl
DEPRESS
PRESS
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Pressurization - Climbout
Ambient
Cabin
GI
Vacuum
FI
GND
Control
FLT
Rate Ctl
DEPRESS
PRESS
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Pressurization - Climbout 2
Ambient
Cabin
GI
Vacuum
FI
GND
Control
FLT
Rate Ctl
DEPRESS
PRESS
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Pressurization - Climbout 3
Ambient
Cabin
GI
Vacuum
FI
GND
Control
FLT
Rate Ctl
DEPRESS
PRESS
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Pressurization - At Selected Altitude 1
Ambient
Cabin
GI
Vacuum
FI
GND
Control
FLT
Rate Ctl
DEPRESS
PRESS
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Pressurization -At Selected Altitude 2
Ambient
Cabin
GI
Vacuum
FI
GND
Control
FLT
Rate Ctl
DEPRESS
PRESS
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Pre-Takeoff and Pre-Landing Checklist

• P.R.A.A.Y.
• Pressurization - ON, Set, Zero Differential
• Radar - OFF or STANDBY
• Autopilot - OFF
• Air Conditioner - OFF
• Yaw Damper - OFF

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Pressurization Controls

• Climb
• Set to Final Altitude Before Takeoff
• Descent
• Set to Assigned Altitude as Descent Begins
• Turn Altitude Knob Slowly Until Rate Stabilizes

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Systems

• Types of Systems
• Operation

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Systems

• Pneumatic (Boots) - Wings, Stabilizers
• Alcohol/Glycol - Prop, Wings, Stabilizers,
  Windshields
• Electric - Prop, Windshields, Stall Warning
  Vanes, Pitot Tubes, Static Ports, AOA Vanes
• Heated Bleed Air - Engine Air Inlets, Wings

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing
• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

Tailplane Stall
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Electrical

• Typical System Power Up and Load Shedding

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Before Start
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
BATTERY SWITCH
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY


-
GEN 2
BATTERY
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Battery Master - ON
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
BATTERY SWITCH
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Starter Relay
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
BATTERY SWITCH
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Gen 1 On Line
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
BATTERY SWITCH
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Gen 2 On Line
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
ON
ON
BATTERY SWITCH
OFF
OFF
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Avionics On
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
ON
ON
BATTERY SWITCH
OFF
OFF
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Gen 1 Failure
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
ON
ON
BATTERY SWITCH
OFF
OFF
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Gen 1 and Bus Tie Failure
AVIONIC 1 BUS
NON ESSENTIAL BUS
AVIONIC 2 BUS
AVIONIC 1 SWITCH
AVIONIC 2 SWITCH
N ESNTL SWITCH
OVRD ON
AUTO
BUS TIE
GEN 2 TIE
GEN 2 BUS
GEN 1 BUS
BATTERY BUS
GEN 2 SWITCH
ON
ON
BATTERY SWITCH
OFF
OFF
GEN 1 SWITCH
EXT POWER SWITCH
GEN 2 RELAY
STARTER/ GEN 1
STARTER RELAY
BATTERY

-
GEN 2
EXT POWER
BATTERY DIRECT BUS
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Speed Brakes

• Increase Descent Without Increasing Speed
• Not Particularly Effective at Slow Speeds
• Usually Binary - Either On or Off

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Radar

• Indicates Location and Size of Water Drops
• Can Be Masked by Nearby Returns
• Doesnt Show Where to Fly
• Shows Where NOT to Fly

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Turbine

• Simpler Operations
• More Power
• More Bleed Air
• Longer TBO

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Avionics

• Glass Cockpits
• EGPWS
• IHAS

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Other Differences

• Speed
• Weight (Momentum)
• Number of Seats
• Cargo/Passenger/Fuel Flexibility
• Visibility
• FAA Requirements
• Insurance Requirements

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Speed

• Planning Ahead
• Communications
• Altitude/Power Changes
• Charts
• Larger Turn Radius
• Longer Takeoff/Landing Distances
• Longer Range

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Weight

• Momentum
• Stability
• Landing (Vertical Speed)
• Landing (Crosswinds)

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Number of Seats

• CG Issues
• Multiple Configurations

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FAA Requirements

• Complex Endorsement
• High Performance Endorsement
• High Altitude Endorsement
• MultiEngine Rating
• Type Rating

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Insurance Requirements

• FAA Requirements
• Time in Type
• Total Time
• Complex Time
• High Performance Time
• Instrument Rating
• School
• Recurrent Training

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Visibility

• Usually Poor From 3 to 8 OClock

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Learning the New Airplane

• POH
• Checklists
• Simulator
• Dual
• Calibrating the Plane
• Regular Practice

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POH

• Section 7 - How Things Work
• Section 9 - How the Other Things Work
• Section 2 - What Can Kill You
• Section 3 - When Things DONT Work
• Section 4 - Normal Procedures
• Sections 5, 6, and 8

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Checklists

• Read the Manufacturers Checklist
• Make Your Own!

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Simulator

• Type Specific, or Its Not Worthwhile
• Focus is on Emergency/Abnormal Procs
• May Be Required by Insurance
• Great Place to Fine Tune Checklists

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Dual

• Fly With High Time Pro (Current)
• Insist on Lesson Plans and Objectives

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Calibrating the Plane

• Power/Flap/Gear Settings That Give Desired
  Airspeeds for
• Climb
• Cruise
• Descent
• Downwind
• Base
• Final
• Go Around

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Practice

• Practice Abnormal Procedures Every Other Month
• Review Emergency Procs Monthly
• Fly With a Pro Every 6 Months