Towards Scholarly Publishing on the Semantic Web Simon Buckingham Shum Senior Lecturer Open Universi

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Towards Scholarly Publishing on the Semantic
WebSimon Buckingham ShumSenior LecturerOpen
University, Knowledge Media Institute Gary Li,
Victoria Uren John Domingue, Enrico Motta
EPSRC DIMnet Workshop, Manchester, 7-8 Oct.,
2002
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In 2010, will scholarly work still be published
solely in prose, or can we imagine a
complementary infrastructure that is native to
the emerging semantic, collaborative web,
enabling more effective dissemination and
analysis of ideas?
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Project facts and figures

• Scholarly Ontologies (ScholOnto) Project
• 3 year project /started Feb. 2001
• PI Simon Buckingham Shum
• Co-Investigators John Domingue, Enrico Motta
• Research Fellows Gary Li, Victoria Uren
• PhDs 5 related projects
• Partner Academic Press
• Synergy with other EPSRC projects at KMi
• Advanced Knowledge Technologies IRC
• CoAKTinG eScience Grid collaboration tools

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Overview

• Problem little computational support for
  interpreting and analysing research literatures
• Approach literatures as networks of claims
  connected concepts
• Theoretical basis argumentation, coherence
  relations, KB-hypertext
• Infrastructure ClaiMaker a claims server to
  construct and analyse scholarly claims
• Progress to date

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Phenomena of interest to scholars

• Whos building on the ideas in this paper, and
  in what way?
• Whos challenged this paper?
• Has anyone proposed a similar solution but from
  a different theoretical perspective?
• Are there groups building on theory T, but who
  contradict each other?
• Has anyone generalised method M from domain D to
  E?
• Is there any software which tackles problem P?
• What impact did Language L have?
• Are there distinctive theoretical perspectives
  on problem P?

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What students/researchers/information analysts
want to know

• Authority
• Impact
• Schools of thought
• Intellectual lineage
• Consistency

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From undifferentiated, inter-document citations
extends
?
to inter-concept, semantic connections
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Claims
Counterclaims
Emergent domain model grounded in perspectives
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Claims
Counterclaims
Emergent domain model grounded in perspectives
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ScholOnto in a nutshell

• Literatures as networks of concepts
• which are grounded in documents
• Connections between nodes are claims
• ? Core set of connection types, which can be
  expressed in discipline-specific dialects
• ? Multiple claim structures from diverse
  perspectives
• A server mediates and helps manage the complexity
  of the claims network

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Structure of a connective Claim
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A Set of Concepts, Claims, Objects
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Structure of a connective Claim
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Concepts

• Succinct summaries of a publications
  contribution to the literature (granularity
  chosen by the user)
• Optionally given a type
• Example 1
• Theory Salomon (1987)
• Hypothesis Animations can supplant key
  cognitive processes in learning collision
  mechanics, impairing deep understanding
• Data Animations explaining momentum in the tool
  XtremePhysics improve the performance of
  middle-high achieving 16 yr olds, but impair low
  achievers
• Example 2
• Problem How to reduce disorientation in
  non-linear narrative?
• Theory Cognitive Coherence Relations (Knott and
  Sanders, 1999)
• Theory Semiotics of Cinema
• Framework Cinematic Hypermedia

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Relations Discourse Ontology (v2)
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What students/researchers/information analysts
want to know

• Authority (quality and quantity of evidence
  for/against)
• Impact (semantically typed citations)
• Schools of thought (clusters of concepts sharing
  a foundation)
• Intellectual lineage (assumptions/foundations)
• Consistency (structural integrity)

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Making connections in ClaiMaker
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The need for visualizations
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Towards visual claim-making
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Visual claim-making
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Visual claim-making
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Conceptual claim-making template for an
Evaluation Report
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Discovery Services

• The payback for modelling
• New forms of digital visibility for research
• Graph-based services
• Dense cluster detection
• Scientometrics (e.g. co-citation at the semantic
  inter-concept level)
• Ontology-based services
• Semantic structural search
• Show supporting documents
• Show challenging documents
• Show a concepts lineage
• ? Visualizations to support navigation and
  querying

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Identifying potentially significant clusters
A 3-core cluster extracted from a network of
claims and argumentation links. From hundreds of
nodes modelling literature on text
categorization, only those which connect to at
least 3 other nodes in the cluster are presented
(with link labels switched off). A flavour of key
issues in the field is given without overwhelming
the viewer.
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Visualizing the results of a structural search on
specific relational types (TouchGraph applet)
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Navigating the network by document incoming and
outgoing concepts
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Visualizing the lineage (intellectual history)
of a concept Zooming, rotation, focusing and
filtering
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What documents challenge this one?

• Extract concepts for this document
• Trace concepts on which they build
• Trace concepts challenging this set
• Show root documents

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Focusing on a concept from previous view
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Next steps

• ClaiMaker released
• wide interest from both researchers
  (academia/government/corporate) and publishers
• Develop customisable software agents
• monitor the claims network for patterns of
  interest to users
• Extend the discovery services
• tools to interrogate/navigate
• Extend the visualization services
• making sense of the claims network
• Foster user communities
• broad spectrum of science/arts/humanities to test
  generality

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Visualizing Argumentation (2002, in press),
Springerwww.VisualizingArgumentation.info
Argument mapping for scholarly publishing,
scientific and public policy debates, education,
teamwork, and organisational memory
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Scholarly Ontologies ProjectTech.
Details/Publicationskmi.open.ac.uk/projects/scho
lonto ClaiMaker test areaclaimaker.open.ac.uk/
Sandpit