ECRS

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Cosmic Rays under the Knee
Piergiorgio Picozza INFN University of Rome
Tor Vergata 21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium
Košice, Slovakia9 - 12 September 2008

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An Overview

• Elemental Composition
• Antimatter and Dark Matter research
• Solar modulation

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Elemental CompositionDirect Experiments

• JACEE
• NUCLEON
• PAMELA
• PPB-BETS
• PROTON sat.
• RUNJOB
• SOKOL
• TIGER
• TRACER

• ACCESS
• ACE
• AMS-02
• ATIC
• BESS
• CALET
• CREAM
• HEAO
• HIMAX
• INCA

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What Kind of Data?

• C.R. energy spectra
• C.R. relative abundances
• Secondary/primary C.R. fluxes ratios

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ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1
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ATIC 1-2 CREAM 1
He
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ATIC 2
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ATIC 2 Average Mass
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astro-ph/0612377
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CREAM 1-2
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Energy Spectra
TRACER 2003
Astrophysical Journal 678, 262 (2008)
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Spectral Indices vs Charge
TRACER 2003
Fit gt 20 GeV / amu G 2.65 0.05
No evidence for any Z dependence in the spectral
indices. Points to common origin for all
species.
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TRACER 2003
Comparison with Air-showers
TRACER single element (O, Fe) Airshowers
CNO group, Fe Group
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Some comparisons
Wefel credit
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CREAM 2
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TIGER Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder

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Secondaries / primaries i.e. Boron/ Carbon to
constrain propagation parameters
D. Maurin, F. Donato R. Taillet and P.Salati ApJ,
555, 585, 2001 astro-ph/0101231
F. Donato et.al, ApJ, 563, 172, 2001
astro-ph/0103150
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Diffusion Halo Model
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CREAM
astro-ph/0808.1718
d 0.33 top 0.6 med. 0.7 bot.
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ATIC
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B/C selected experiments
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CREAM 2 astro-ph/0808.1718 ATIC
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Elemental Composition

• Direct measurements well determine C.R. elemental
  composition under the knee.
• As a result important hints to acceleration
  processes and propagation of cosmic rays through
  the ISM are obtained.
• New data on secondary to primary (B/C) ratio in
  cosmic rays fluxes are providing unique tools to
  characterize the diffusion properties of ISM.

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Search for the existence of Antimatter in the
Universe
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4
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73
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Signal (supersymmetry)
and background
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Antimatter and Dark Matter Research

• Wizard Collaboration
• - MASS 1,2 (89,91)
• -TrampSI (93)
• CAPRICE (94, 97, 98)

• BESS (93, 95, 97, 98, 2000)
• IMAX (1992)
• Heat (94, 95, 2000)
• BESS LDF (2004)
• ATIC (2001, 2003, 2005)
• PPB-BETS (2004)
• AMS-01 (98)

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Antimatter

• We must regard it rather an accident that
• the Earth and presumably the whole Solar System
  contains a preponderance of negative electrons
• and positive protons. It is quite possible that
• for some of the stars it is the other way about
• 
  
• 
  
• P. Dirac, Nobel lecture (1933)?

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P
Secondary production (upper and lower
limits)? Simon et al. ApJ 499 (1998) 250.
Secondary production Bergström et al. ApJ 526
(1999) 215
from ?? annihilation (Primary production m(c)
964 GeV) Ullio astro-ph/9904086
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astro-ph/0805.1754
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Antiproton-Proton Ratio
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Positron - Electron ratio
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Positrons with HEAT
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PAMELAPayload for Antimatter Matter Exploration
and Light Nuclei AstrophysicsLaunch15/06/0616
Gigabytes trasmitted daily to GroundNTsOMZ
Moscow
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PAMELA
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Positron/electron ratio
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PPB-BETS
astro-ph/0809.0760
01/2004 Antartica
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The Next Future
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NUCLEON

• Goal of The Project

Direct cosmic ray (CR) measurements in wide
energy and charge range in the near-Earth space
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Kinematics Lightweight Energy Method
The idea is to measure the spatial density of
secondary particles with a silicon tracker and
use kinematics (pseudorapidities of secondary
products) to infer the Lorentz factor of the
primary particle.
C-target
ltSgt E0.8
Fe
Protons
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NUCLEON

• The charge measuring system 4 silicon detectors
  layers.
• Tracker and energy system a carbon block as a
  target, 6 identical layers of micro-strip
  silicon detectors, 2 identical tungsten layers
  as a gamma-converter.

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AMS-02 on ISS In Orbit 2010
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The Completed AMS Detector on ISS
Transition Radiation Detector (TRD)
Time of Flight Detector (TOF)
Magnet
Silicon Tracker
Ring Image Cerenkov Counter (RICH)
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL)
Size 3m x 3m x 3m Weight 7 tons
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Unique Feature Of AMS
positrons
antiprotons
Combining searches in different channels
could give (much) higher sensitiviy to SUSY
DM signals
anti deuterons
gamma rays
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Solar Modulation
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BESS Coll. 30th ICRC 2007
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astro-ph/0805.1754
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BESS Coll. 30th ICRC 2007
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Positron/electron ratio
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Pamela
Pamela
Clem at al. 30th ICRC 2007
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Charge sign dependence of cosmic ray modulation.

• Two systematic deviations from reflection
  symmetry of the interplanetary magnetic field
• 1) The Parker field has opposite magnetic
  polarity above and below the equator, but the
  spiral field lines themselves are mirror images
  of each other. This antisymmetry produces drift
  velocity fields that for positive particles
  converge on the heliospheric equator in the A
  state or diverge from it in A- state.
• Negatively charged particles behave in the
  opposite manner and the drift patterns
  interchange when the solar polarity diverge.
• 2) Systematic ordering of turbulent helicity can
  cause diffusion coefficients to depend directly
  on charge sign and polarity state. Bieber, J.W.,
  et al. Phys. Rev. Letters, 84, 674, 1999.

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THANKS !