Alvaro Gimnez

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ESA Facilities,Now and Then

• Alvaro Giménez
• Research and Scientific Support Department
• Directorate of Science
• ESA-ESTEC, NL

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Outline

• ESA and the Scientific Programme
• Missions in the area of Astronomy
• Missions in the area of the Solar System
• Some ground-based activities
• Implementing and planning the future

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Europe in Space
The European Space Agency was established in 1975

• ESA replaced the former Eldo launcher and Esro
  satellite organisations, grouping the complete
  range of civilian space activities in a single
  agency

ELDO Launchers
ESRO Satellites
Cooperation arrangement Canada
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Purpose of ESAArticle 2 of ESA Convention

• Provide and promote cooperation among European
  states in the fields of
• Space research and technology
• Space applications
• by elaborating and implementing a long-term
  European space policy
• by elaborating and implementing space activities
  and programmes
• by elaborating and implementing an industrial
  policy

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ESA Programmes
All member states participate in the basic
activities and the science programme (mandatory
programmes, calculated on GNP basis). In
addition, members choose the level of
participation in optional programmes
Earth observation Telecommunications
Navigation Launcher development Human
spaceflight
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The Agencys purpose is not unitary.Aims
include
- to enhance European capability in Space
Science and Applications - to build
European industrial technical capacity - to
bring together and enhance European national
space programmes
to enhance European capability in Space Science
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Why does Europe do Space Science?

• It is a strategic asset,
• to ensure technological independence,
• to safeguard Europes cultural identity.
• to demonstrate capability and vision
• to support a science-based society.

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Space Science

• For over 30 years ESAs space science projects
  have shown the scientific benefits of
  multi-nation cooperation
• Areas of Space Sciences covered by ESA
• Space environment of the Earth
• Solar-terrestrial interaction
• Planets, moons, comets and other bodies
• Stars and galaxies
• Cosmology and Fundamental Physics

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Science Objectives

• A better knowledge of our Universe its
  structure, content and evolution.
• Understand the physics of the observed processes
  and mechanisms.
• Explore the Solar System to understand its
  origin, evolution and the emergence of Life.

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How does the Science Programme Work?

• Provides the scientific community with the tools
  for space research.
• Develops new space technologies and pushes state
  of the art in industry.
• Projects are carried out in close cooperation
  with scientific institutes in Member States.
• Is a mandatory programme.
• Long-term planning (Horizons 2000 ? Cosmic Vision
  2020).
• Missions are selected by the scientific community
  through the advisory structure.

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The Programme is chosen by the Community..
ESA ExecutiveDG, D/Sci
Science ProgrammeCommittee
MemberStates
(resource)
(implementation)
Recommendations
Advice
Space ScienceAdvisory Committee
Solar SystemWorking Group
FundamentalPhysicsAdvisory Group
Astronomy WorkingGroup
Membership ofadvisory bodies is determined by
individual scientific standing
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Space Science

• Solar System
• The Sun
• Solar-terrestrial physics
• Planetary physics
• Astronomy
• Stellar physics
• Extragalactic astronomy
• High-energy Astrophysics
• Cosmology
• Fundamental Physics

• Advisory Structure
• AWG
• SSWG
• FPAG

SSAC
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Astronomy
1975
1978
1983
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HIPPARCOS collected the positions and movements
of a million stars (as well as a photometric
survey)
1990
Catalogues published 1997
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ISO first infra-red space observatory
Operated 1995-1998
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Water everywhere!
Giant Planets
Circumstellar envelopes
Mars
cold interstellar medium
Ultra-luminous galaxy Arp 220
Shocks (Orion)
Titan
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Star Formation

• Horsehead Nebula and NGC 2023 at 7 15 µm and
  visible wavelengths.
• Strength of ISO High sensitivity at
  mid-infrared wavelengths.

Nordh, Huldtgren et al., 1998
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Cold Dust in Galaxies
M31 ? 175 µm
Haas et al., 1998

• Cold dust (10-20K) found in disks of spirals.
• Cold dust exceeds the radial extent of the
  stellar component of the disk.
• ISO total dust masses up by factors 3-10 w.r.t to
  IRAS.
• High dust-to-gas ratios previously derived by
  IRAS now much closer to galactic ones.
• Implications for extinction and morphology.

Kruegel et al., 1998
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HST (1990)
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Light Echoes in V838 Mon
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HD 209458
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Newton (XMM) 1999
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XMM-NewtonA Classical Nova, V2487 Oph 1998, Seen
in X-rays Before and After Its Explosion
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XMM-Newton ToO - IGR J16318-4848 Discovery of
transient X-Ray source by Integral with
XMM-Newton ToO follow-up
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XMM-Newton Lockman Hole Deep Survey
First observation resolving the X-ray background
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RX J1053435735
First X-ray determined redshift confirmed by
optical spectroscopy
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INTEGRAL
2002
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The Solar System
Giotto (1985) Closest encounter with a
comet First use of a European launcher (Ariane 1)
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Comet Halley, 1986 Comet Grigg-Skjellerup,
1992
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Ulysses
1990

• Placed in solar-polar orbit, to monitor how the
  Suns environment, the heliosphere, changes in
  both space (from the solar equator to the poles)
  and time (over the solar cycle).
• First passages (solar minimum) completed in Sept
  1995.
• Second passages (maximum) completed in Dec 2001.

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Ulysses
Approaching aphelion, preparing for Slow Latitude
Scan phase.
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Min
Max

• Near solar maximum
• In the south, Ulysses encountered variable solar
  wind at all latitudes.
• At the highest northern latitudes, Ulysses once
  again encountered fast, uniform solar wind from
  the newly-formed north polar coronal hole,
  consistent with the return to more stable
  conditions following the peak in solar activity
• The magnetic field in the north was found to have
  the opposite polarity to that measured at the
  same location during the first (solar minimum)
  orbit, consistent with the reversal of the Suns
  dipole magnetic field

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Ulysses Fast latitude scan comparison
Horbury, 2003
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SOHO
1995
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SOHO

• The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
  provides a wealth of information about the Sun,
  from its interior, through the atmosphere, out to
  the solar wind.
• A second four-year extension of the SOHO mission
  from March 2003 to March 2007 has been granted
  (covering a full solar cycle).

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Sound speed
Convection zone differential rotation Radiation
zone rotates almost as a rigid body

• convection-zone dynamics
• rotation of deep interior

• evidence for mixing
• test of equation of state

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SOHO and Comets

• Over 30 of all comet discovered since 1760 come
  from SOHO.

Comet NEAT
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CLUSTER
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Cluster
2000

• Main goal is to measure magnetospheric physical
  parameters in three dimensions.
• Extended for an additional 3 years up to Dec
  2005.
• In addition, since June 2002, the data return has
  been doubled to continuously monitor the relation
  between the Sun and the Earth.

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Cluster observations in the plasma sheet
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Cluster and Image observed magnetic reconnection
in the polar cusp
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Huygens

• Launched with Cassini in October 1997.
• Saturn Orbit insertion is planned in late June
  2004, with Probe release on 25 December 2004 and
  Probe entry on 14 January 2005.

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Organic chemistry on Titan
The chemistry in the atmosphere of Titan may
resemble the one that was at work on Earth 4
billions years ago, before the emergence of
life. Titan a large prebiotic chemistry
laboratory on a planetary scale. But its very
cold on Titan surface (-180 C) and there is no
liquid water.
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Titan
First Cassini image of Saturn and Titan, 1st
Nov. 02
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2003
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Integral and Mars Express European flagships?
Both missions are results of Europe picking a
target and being prepared to go for it alone
if necessary
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Smart 1
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European Incoherent Scatter Facility - EISCAT
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Astrophysical Virtual Observatory
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The Future

• Implement the approved programme.
• Certain modifications may be needed.
• And some things are changing, e.g.
• Astronomy missions (GAIA) influence Solar System
  science and Fundamental Physics.
• Solar System missions (SOHO) influence Astronomy
  and Fundamental Physics.
• Fundamental Physics missions (LISA) influence
  Astronomy.
• A different approach?

• Laws of Physics
• Structure and content of the Universe
• Chemistry of the Universe
• Life in the Universe

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Planning the future a different way

• One cannot proceed mission-by-mission
• Missions are linked in the new programme approach

Rosetta ? Mars X ? Venus XSmart 1 ? BepiColombo
? Solar Orbiter Newton ? IntegralHerschel ?
Planck ? Eddington ? GAIA?Smart 2- ? LISA
Planning process started in June for
2012-2020 Kicked off with cross-disciplinary
brainstorming
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What next ?Take Vision 2020 literally-
start in 2003 the discussion of themes-
present in 2004 the full Vision 2020 Scenario
for approval to the European Ministers