The Shocking Truth about Electricity and Magnetism

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Welcome to the 2008 MagLab Open House !
Greg Boebinger
(You Are Here)
the world's most powerful electromagnets
more than a million times stronger than the
Earth's magnetic field    containing the energy
equivalent of a few hundred jelly doughnuts
for research from biomedicine to
chemistry to physics
- er- sticks of dynamite
Researchers from around the world visit to
perform experiments on many materials whose
behaviors are still not understood from
the AIDS virus to living cells to
high-temperature superconductors
This talk will discuss some of the interplay

between electricity and magnetism, from our
earliest understandings. to our latest
research
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National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory
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Leveraging MagLab Technologies across Scientific
Disciplines
Superconducting Magnets for Physics, Chemistry,
and Biology
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Leveraging MagLab Technologies across Scientific
Disciplines
Resistive and Hybrid Magnets for Physics,
Chemistry, and Biology
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Leveraging MagLab Technologies across Scientific
Disciplines
Pulsed Magnets pretty much only for Physics
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What is Magnetism ?
two-liter magnets
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A Bit of the History of Magnetism
2000 years ago Humans already know about
natural lodestones 1100s
Chinese used lodestones as a navigational tool
Scientific clothingEarth as magnet
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What is Magnetism ?
Magnetism and Electricity are completely
intertwined. Electrical current (moving
electrical charge) creates magnetism.
A Bit of the History of Magnetism
Andre-Marie Ampere
1820-27 Discovered that Electricity in Motion
can produce Magnetism
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What is Magnetism ?
Magnetism and Electricity are completely
intertwined. Electrical current (moving
electrical charge) creates magnetism.
A Bit of the History of Magnetism
Andre-Marie Ampere
1820-27 Discovered that Electricity in Motion
can produce Magnetism
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What is Magnetism ?
Magnetism and Electricity are completely
intertwined. Electrical current (moving
electrical charge) creates magnetism.
A Bit of the History of Magnetism
Andre-Marie Ampere
1820-27 Discovered that Electricity in Motion
can produce Magnetism
Electron spin
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Magnetism and Electricity are completely
intertwined.
A Bit of the History of Magnetism
Magnets
Coils of wire
Michael Faraday
1821-31 Discovered that the Motion of Magnets
can produce Electricity. Discovered
that Electricity and Magnets together can
produce Motion.
....from which were developed electrical
generators and electrical motors... ....and
the industrial revolution was on....
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Magnetism and Electricity are completely
intertwined.
....from which was developed electrical
generators and electrical motors... ....and
the industrial revolution was on....
From Motion to Electricity......GENERATOR
Generator
Motion provided by hand cranking
Copper wire
Lightbulb
From Electricity to Motion......MOTOR
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Challenges in Producing High Magnetic Fields
Permanent Magnets 0.4 gauss
Earths Magnetic Field 600 gauss
Iron-Oxide Magnets (refrigerator magnets)
4,000 gauss Neodymium-Iron-Boron (rare earth
magnets)
--- This is near the limit for permanent magnets
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Challenges in Producing High Magnetic Fields
Permanent Magnets 0.4 gauss
Earths Magnetic Field 600 gauss
Iron-Oxide Magnets (refrigerator magnets)
4,000 gauss Neodymium-Iron-Boron (rare earth
magnets)
--- This is near the limit for permanent magnets
Electromagnets 450,000 gauss Hybrid
DC Magnet (NHMFL-Tallahassee) 800,000
gauss Pulsed Magnet (NHMFL-Los Alamos)
--- cooling problems (the wire heats up)
(magnets operate for hours) --- ignore the
cooling problem (pulse for less than a
second)
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Challenges in Producing Pulsed Magnetic Fields
Pressure Under Water 12 feet
Ears 6 pounds per square inch
2000 feet Submarine
1000 psi 12,000 feet Ocean Floor
6000 psi
Pressure inside NHMFL Pulsed Magnets 800,000
gauss Pulsed Magnet 200,000
psi (which equals 1.4GPa or 130
kg per square millimeter) (which is more
pressure than most materials can handle)
Nanocomposite
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Challenges in Producing Pulsed Magnetic Fields
Nanocomposite
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HIGHER STRENGTH MATERIALS lead directly
to HIGHER MAGNETIC FIELDS
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NHMFL Pulsed Magnet Facility in Los Alamos
1.4 Gigawatt Generator Building
Long-Pulse Magnet Building
1.4 Gigawatts at Universal
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(No Transcript)
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600,000 gauss Long-Pulse Magnet
Pushing the materials envelope using the 1.4
Billion Watt power system to pulse magnets
First-ever capability to shape - 600,000 gauss
magnet pulses
When we are ready to pulse the magnet... All
personnel evacuate the building The generator
is spun up to 1800 rpm The switch is thrown
The generator spins down in a second The
magnet pulses to 600,000 gauss
27 60T LP Sound
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Pulse 915July 28,2000
91500 am
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Until You Spread Your Wings, Youll Have No Idea
How Far You Can Walk.

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Why Magnetic Field Research ?
Magnetic Materials plus Electromagnets for
PHYSICS applications Do you use...
an automobile? (generator, power windows, power
locks) a computer ? (disk drive
motor, hard drive, read/write mechanism for hard
drive) tunes? (CDs, iPOD hard-drives,
cassette motors, speakers and headphones) any
manufactured goods? (robotic assembly lines)
the Microelectronics Age could just as
easily be called the
Micromagnetics Age But what good is todays
research ? I dunnoand
sometimes its impossible to predict
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Why Magnetic Field Research ?
Many areas of modern scientific research use high
magnetic fields Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
What are the structures of the bodys
proteins? how do the membrane proteins
work?...cell membranes, nerve membranes Magnetic
Resonance Imaging seeing inside the body
without surgery
watching the body function
how do water and pharmaceuticals diffuse
through the body ? with MRI Microscopy
how do cells divide?... and when do they divide
out of control (cancer) when and why
does the immune system fail to respond invasion?
(AIDS) why does the immune system
sometimes attack healthy parts of the body?
(multiple sclerosis) Ion Cyclotron Resonance
The worlds most sensitive way to measure weight
of complex mixtures. Petroleumwhat are the
10,000s of compounds in oil ? (Ion Cyclotron
Resonance Petroleomics)
should we drill deeper on the unproductive well
? (ICR an Ultra-sensitive Nose)
Pharmaceuticalswhat parts of these big floppy
molecules are the functional parts ?
what are the 1000s of compounds made in the
manufacturing process ?
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A Bit of the History of Superconductivity
Resistance (ohms)
Temperature (kelvin) (degrees above absolute zero)
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

• Discovered superconductivity,
• the fact that electrical resistance
• drops suddenly to zero in some materials
• 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics

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A Bit of the History of Superconductivity
John Bardeen Leon Cooper
Robert Schrieffer
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

• Discovered superconductivity,
• the fact that electrical resistance
• drops suddenly to zero in some materials
• 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics

1957 Developed the theory of
superconductivity, which explained all
known superconductors.... ....and thus became
the widely accepted theory.... 1972 Nobel
Prize in Physics
...and then came 1987... ...and the
discovery of high-temperature superconductors...
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In 1987, High Temperature
Superconductivity was
discovered. and the World changed.
(did you notice ?)
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Why call this high-temperature
superconductivity ?
room temperature
water freezes
liquid helium
liquid nitrogen
water boils
450F oven
Temperature (kelvin)
Can we find a room-temperature superconductor ?
High-temperature Superconductor
Strong Permanent Magnets
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To read more about Magnets and Magnetism...
www.magnet.fsu.edu
Driving Force, the Natural Magic of Magnets by
James D. Livingston Harvard University Press,
1996 ISBN 0-674-21644-X QC757.L58 1996
24.95
Hidden Attraction, the Mystery and History of
Magnetism by Gerrit L. Verschuur Oxford
University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-19-506488-7
QC753.5.V47 1993 25.00
Scientific American, June 1995
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