Nervous System

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Nervous System
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central fissure
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
parieto-occipital fissure
occipital lobe
lateral fissure
temporal lobe
cerebellum
gyri elevations sulci shallow grooves fissures
deep grooves
medulla
pons
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1. corpus callosum 2. choroid plexus 3.
thalamus 4. pituitary gland 5. hypothalamus 6.
pons 7. medulla oblongata 8. cerebellum 9.
midbrain 10. pineal body 11. cerebrum
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neuron parts
dendrite
axonal terminals
cell body
node of ranvier
axon
myelin sheath
Schwann cell nucleus
cell body nucleus
neurilemma
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• Functions of the nervous system
• communication, coordination and control
• area of reasoning and intellect

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• neuron parts
• nucleus control center of the nerve cell
• dendrite process that receives impulses
• axon process that sends out impulses
• neurilemma membrane that surrounds the myelin
  sheath
• myelin sheath fatty substance that protects the
  axon
• node of Ranvier region of no myelin

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synapse a space between neighboring neurons,
through which neurotransmitters move
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• 3 functions of these support cells (neuroglia)
  in the CNS
• astrocyte anchor nerves to the nutrient sources
  (capillaries) star shaped

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• 3 functions of these support cells (neuroglia)
  in the CNS
• microglia phagocytes that dispose of debris
  spider-like in appearance

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• 3 functions of these support cells (neuroglia)
  in the CNS
• ependymal cells cells that line CNS cavities
  their cilia help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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• 3 functions of these support cells (neuroglia)
  in the CNS
• oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths of
  neurons by wrapping their extensions around nerve
  fibers

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• 4 functions of these support cells in the PNS
• Schwann cells form myelin sheaths (same as
  oligodendrocytes, but in a different location
  (PNS vs. CNS)

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4 satellite cells cushion the cell body of the
neuron
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type of neurons and their functions

• sensory (afferent) neurons carry messages to
  the brain/spinal cord from sensory areas in PNS
• motor (efferent) neurons carry messages from the
  brain/spinal cord to responders (muscles, etc.)
  in PNS
• interneurons (association neurons) carry
  messages between the sensory and motor neurons
  in CNS

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afferent pathway (sensory neuron-PNS)
reflex arc
receptor (stimulus)
control center (CNS)
efferent pathway
interneuron
(motor neuron-PNS)
effector (response)
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Nervous System
central nervous system (CNS)- brain and spinal
cord control, communication, integration
peripheral nervous system (PNS)- nerves
transportation of impulses
sensory division- carries impulses to the brain
motor division- carries impulses away from the
brain
somatic division- voluntary actions
autonomic division- involuntary actions
sympathetic division- works under emergency
conditions (stress)
parasympathetic division- works under normal
conditions
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dura mater
bone
arachnoid mater
pia mater
bone
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meninges
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bone
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cerebrospinal fluid
watery fluid that cushions the brain and
circulates to prevent stagnation
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blood-brain barrier
most selective vessels in the body, to prevent
damage to the sensitive nerve tissues
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cerebrum
faculty.washington.edu/chudler/color/pic3.html
largest portion of the brain mostly voluntary
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• frontal lobe motor skills memory divided into
  2 hemispheres-right and left controls
  speech-spoken or read, personality, reasoning
• parietal lobe sensory perception (temperature,
  touch, pain) depth perception
• occipital lobe visual area
• temporal lobe auditory area taste and smell area

cerebrum
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• 5 fissures
• longitudinal fissure separates the brain into
  the 2 hemispheres (the hemispheres control
  opposite side of the body left hemi controls
  right body side)
• transverse fissure divides the cerebrum from the
  cerebellum
• central fissure divides the frontal and parietal
  lobes
• lateral fissure divides the frontal and temporal
  lobes
• parieto-occipital fissure divides the parietal
  and temporal lobes from the occipital lobe

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top view of ther brain
fissures of the brain
side view of the brain
central fissure
parieto-occipital fissure
lateral fissure
transverse fissure
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produce a chart with these tasks write
name L R wave hello L R bat L R thumb
position L R hold spoon L R walk down
stairs L R walk up stairs L R catch from
falling L R skipping L R standing L R st
art to run L R take off shoe L R leg on
top L R kick L R dog drawing L R circle
drawing L R dominant eye L R
Analysis 1. Which body side seems to be more
dominant? 2. Which brain side controls the left
side of your body? 3. The brain side that you use
the most is said to be your dominant side. Which
is your dominant side? 4. Which "handedness"
appears to be more dominant? 5. In your opinion,
why do you think that some people show the same
brain side dominance and handedness?
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• diencephalons
• found between the cerebrum and the midbrain
• called the interbrain

made of 3 parts thalamus encloses the 3rd
ventricle relay station interprets crudely
whether the sensation is pleasant or
unpleasant hypothalamus floor of the
diencephalons used for regulation of
temperature, water and metabolism houses the
limbic system ( for thirst, appetite, pain, sex
drive, pleasure center, emotions, sleep,
etc.) epithalamus roof of the 3rd ventricle
made of the pineal body ( gland) and the choroid
plexus (makes CSF)
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diencephalons
thalamus
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epithalamus
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cerebellum

• found under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
• for balance and coordination

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• brain stem
• located at the base of the brain, attached to the
  spinal cord

made of 3 parts

• midbrain top portion of the brain stem houses
  auditory and visual reflex areas
• pons mid-portion of the brain stem houses the
  respiratory center
• medulla lowest portion of the brain stem,
  attached to the spinal cord controls heart rate
  and blood pressure

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spinal cord

• approximately 17 inches long(from the base of the
  skull to about L2)
• major reflex center-relays impulses
• 31 pairs of branching nerves with the cauda
  equina at the end

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cauda equina
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white matter
gray matter is most responsible for information
processing made mostly of unmyelinated
fibers white matter is most responsible for
transmission of impulses (axons-no dendrites)
made mostly of myelinated fibers
gray matter
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