Examples Using the OWL Camera Ontology

1
Examples Using the OWL Camera Ontology

• Roger L. Costello
• David B. Jacobs
• The MITRE Corporation
• (The creation of this tutorial was sponsored by
  DARPA)

2
Example 1 Bridging the Terminology Gap using OWL

• A key problem in achieving interoperability is to
  be able to recognize that two pieces of data are
  talking about the same thing, even though
  different terminology is being used.
• The following slides presents an example to show
  how OWL may be used to bridge the "terminology
  gap".

3
Interested in Purchasing a Camera

• Query "I am interested in purchasing a camera
  with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture
  of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from
  1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec."
• This query can be expressed in XML as

ltCamera xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rd
f-syntax-ns" xmlns"http//www.ca
mera.org"gt ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltsizegt75-300mm zoomlt/sizegt
ltaperturegt4.5-5.6lt/aperturegt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt ltbodygt
ltBodygt ltshutter-speed
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt lt/Cameragt
Thus, the query may be recast as "Find all XML
documents which overlap with the above XML
document."
4
Is this document relevant?
ltPhotographyStore rdfID"Hunts"
xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
2/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt ltstore-locationgtMalden,
MAlt/store-locationgt ltphonegt617-555-1234lt/phone
gt ltcatalog rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltSLR rdfID"Olympus-OM-10"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt
ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/SLRgt lt/cataloggt lt/PhotographyStoregt
A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The
Bot finds this document at a Web site
Is this document relevant? (Note SLR Single
Lens Reflex)
5
A Match?
ltPhotographyStore rdfID"Hunts"
xmlnsrdf"rdf"gt
ltstore-locationgtMalden, MAlt/store-locationgt
ltphonegt617-555-1234lt/phonegt ltcatalog
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltSLR
rdfID"Olympus-OM-10"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt
ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/SLRgt lt/cataloggt lt/PhotographyStoregt
ltCamera xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rd
f-syntax-ns" xmlns"http//www.c
amera.org"gt ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltsizegt75-300mm zoomlt/sizegt
ltaperturegt4.5-5.6lt/aperturegt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt ltbodygt
ltBodygt ltshutter-speed
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt lt/Cameragt
Match?
To determine if there is a match, these questions
must be answered 1. What's the relationship
between "SLR" and "Camera"? 2. What's the
relationship between "focal-length" and "size"?
3. What's the relationship between "f-stop" and
"aperture"?
6
Relationship?
ltSLR rdfID"Olympus-OM-10"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt
ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/SLRgt
ltCamera xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rd
f-syntax-ns" xmlns"http//www.cam
era.org"gt ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltsizegt75-300mm zoomlt/sizegt
ltaperturegt4.5-5.6lt/aperturegt lt/Lensgt
lt/lensgt ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt lt/Cameragt
7
Relationship between SLR and Camera?
This OWL statement (from the Camera Ontology)
tells the Web Bot that a SLR is a type of Camera
ltowlClass rdfID"SLR"gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"Camera"/gt lt/owlClassgt
Camera
SLR
Digital
Large-Format
8
Relationship between focal-length and lens size?
This OWL statement tells the Web Bot that
focal-length is equivalent to lens size
ltowlDatatypeProperty rdfID"focal-length"gt
ltowlequivalentProperty rdfresource"size"/gt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"Lens"/gt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"xsdstring"/gt lt/o
wlDatatypePropertygt
"focal-length is synonymous with (lens) size"
9
Relationship between f-stop and aperture?
This OWL statement tells the Web Bot that f-stop
is equivalent to aperture
ltowlDatatypeProperty rdfID"f-stop"gt
ltowlequivalentProperty rdfresource"aperture"/gt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"Lens"/gt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"xsdstring"/gt lt/o
wlDatatypePropertygt
"f-stop is synonymous with aperture"
The Web Bot now recognizes that the XML document
it found at the Web site - is talking about
Cameras, and it - does show the lens size,
and it - does show the aperture for the
camera. Thus, the Web Bot has determined that
this Olympus OM-10 SLR instance is a match for
the query!
10
Example 2 Is the Camera a SLR?

• In the last example the query was for a Camera.
  The Web document contained information about a
  SLR. The Camera Ontology showed that a SLR is a
  Camera.
• This example is the reverse. The query is for a
  SLR. The Web document contains information about
  a Camera. Is the Camera a SLR? Again, the
  Camera Ontology comes to the rescue.

11
Interested in Purchasing a SLR

• Query "I am interested in purchasing a SLR with
  a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of
  4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from
  1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec."
• This query can be expressed in XML as

ltSLR xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-s
yntax-ns" xmlns"http//www.camera.org
"gt ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltsizegt75-300mm zoomlt/sizegt
ltaperturegt4.5-5.6lt/aperturegt lt/Lensgt
lt/lensgt ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt lt/SLRgt
Thus, the query may be recast as "Find all XML
documents which overlap with the above XML
document."
12
Is this document relevant?
ltPhotographyStore rdfID"Hunts"
xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
2/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt ltstore-locationgtMalden,
MAlt/store-locationgt ltphonegt617-555-1234lt/phone
gt ltcatalog rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltCamera rdfID"Olympus-OM-10"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltviewFinder rdfresource"http//www.camera.orgT
hroughTheLens"/gt ltlensgt
ltLensgt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt
ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/Cameragt lt/cataloggt lt/PhotographyStoregt
A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The
Bot finds this document at a Web site
Is this document relevant?
13
A Match?
ltPhotographyStore rdfID"Hunts"
xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
2/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt ltstore-locationgtMalden,
MAlt/store-locationgt ltphonegt617-555-1234lt/phone
gt ltcatalog rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltCamera rdfID"Olympus-OM-10"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltviewFinder rdfresource"http//www.camera.orgTh
roughTheLens"/gt ltlensgt
ltLensgt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt
ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/Cameragt lt/cataloggt lt/PhotographyStoregt
ltSLR xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-s
yntax-ns" xmlns"http//www.camera.org
"gt ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltsizegt75-300mm zoomlt/sizegt
ltaperturegt4.5-5.6lt/aperturegt lt/Lensgt
lt/lensgt ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt lt/SLRgt
Match?
To determine if there is a match, these questions
must be answered 1. What's the relationship
between "SLR" and "Camera"? 2. What's the
relationship between "focal-length" and "size"?
3. What's the relationship between "f-stop" and
"aperture"?
14
Relationship?
ltCamera rdfID"Olympus-OM-10"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltviewFinder rdfresource"http//www.camera.orgTh
roughTheLens"/gt ltlensgt
ltLensgt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt
lt/Lensgt lt/lensgt
ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/Cameragt
ltSLR xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-s
yntax-ns" xmlns"http//www.camera.org
"gt ltlensgt ltLensgt
ltsizegt75-300mm zoomlt/sizegt
ltaperturegt4.5-5.6lt/aperturegt lt/Lensgt
lt/lensgt ltbodygt ltBodygt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
lt/bodygt lt/SLRgt
15
SLRs are characterized by a view finder that is
"through the lens"
Properties lens Lens body Body
viewFinder Viewer
Camera
Large-Format
Digital
SLR
Properties viewFinder hasValue
ThroughTheLens (SLR is characterized by a
viewFinder that is through the lens)
While all Cameras have a viewFinder, a SLR has a
viewFinder whose value is restricted to
"ThroughTheLens".
16
Relationship between SLR and Camera?
This OWL statement (from the Camera Ontology)
tells the Web Bot that SLRs are precisely those
Cameras which have a "ThroughTheLens" viewFinder
ltowlClass rdfID"SLR"gt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Camera"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"viewFinder"/gt
ltowlhasValue rdfresource"Throu
ghTheLens"/gt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
Since the XML document has a viewFinder property
with the value 'ThroughTheLens' we can infer
that The Olympus-OM-10 is a SLR!
The previous example showed the OWL statements
which indicated that f-stop is equivalent to
aperture, and focal-length is equivalent to
aperture.
Therefore, the XML document is a match!
17
Summary Interoperability despite terminology
differences!

• The previous two examples demonstrated how a Web
  Bot was able to dynamically process an XML
  document from a Web site, despite the fact that
  the XML document used terminology different than
  was used to express the query. This
  interoperability was achieved through the use of
  the OWL Camera Ontology!

18
Example 3 Recognizing that Data is NOT Relevant

• The previous examples discussed the importance of
  recognizing that two pieces of data are talking
  about the same thing.
• There are many occasions where it is important to
  recognize that a piece of data is NOT relevant.
• The following slides extends the camera example
  to demonstrate how the Camera Ontology may be
  used to determine that a piece of data is not
  relevant.

19
Same Query as Before

• Query "I am interested in purchasing a camera
  with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture
  of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from
  1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec."

20
Is this document relevant?
A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The
Bot finds this document at a Web site
ltPhotographyStore rdfID"RJs-SpecialtyCameras"
xmlnsrdf"http//ww
w.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt
ltstore-locationgtBoston, MAlt/store-locationgt
ltphonegt617-555-4321lt/phonegt ltcatalog
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltLarge-Format
rdfID"AnselAdams-LF4x5"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
... lt/Large-Formatgt
lt/cataloggt lt/PhotographyStoregt
By consulting the Camera Ontology, the Web Bot
can immediately dismiss this document, without
even examining the contents of ltLarge-Formatgt.
The next slides show how.
21
Camera Ontology (updated)
This class hierarchy shows that Large-Format is a
type of Camera which has a body with a
non-adjustable shutter-speed
Properties lens Lens body Body
viewFinder Viewer
Camera
Large-Format
Digital
SLR
Properties body allValuesFrom
BodyWithNonAdjustableShutterSpeed (i.e.,
no shutter-speed adjusting on LF cameras)
Properties viewFinder hasValue
ThroughTheLens (SLR is characterized by a
viewFinder that is through the lens)
22
No Match!
These two OWL statements tells the Web Bot that,
while a Large-Format is a type of Camera, its
shutter-speed cannot be adjusted. Thus, the XML
document is not a match
ltowlClass rdfID"Large-Format"gt
ltowlsubClassOf rdfresource"Camera"/gt
ltowlsubClassOfgt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"body"/gt
ltowlallValuesFrom rdfresource"BodyWi
thNonAdjustableShutterSpeed"/gt
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/owlsubClassOfgt lt/o
wlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID"BodyWithNonAdjustableShutterSpe
ed"gt ltowlintersectionOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Body"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"shutter-speed"/gt
ltowlcardinalitygt0lt/owlcardina
litygt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
23
Quickly Recognizing Irrelevant Data

• The previous three examples covered opposite ends
  of the spectrum
• recognizing when data is relevant
• recognizing when data is NOT relevant.
• With all cases, it was the (Camera) Ontology
  which provided the information needed to make the
  assessment of relevance.

24
Example 4 Distributed Knowledge Representation

• A critical capability required for operating in
  today's information overload is the ability to
  aggregate (bring together) information from
  disparate sources into a unified, coherent form.
• The example on the following slides shows how a
  Web Bot can aggregate Camera data from multiple
  Web sites.

25
I want a Camera for under 500

• Query "I am interested in purchasing a camera
  with a 75-300mm zoom lens, that has an aperture
  of 4.5-5.6, and a shutter speed that ranges from
  1/500 sec. to 1.0 sec. I want to spend under
  500 USD."

26
Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store Sells Camera
Body/Lens Separately
ltOlympus-Retail-Outlet-Store xmlnsrdf"http//www
.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt
ltinventory rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltBody rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comOlympus-OM
-10-body" xmlns"http//www.ca
mera.org"gt ltcost rdfparseType"Resou
rce"gt ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/Bodygt ltLens
rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comEX38"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//www.olymp
us.comOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt295lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/Lensgt lt/inventorygt lt/Olympus-Retail-Outl
et-Storegt
A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The
Bot finds this document at a Web site
This document references an Olympus-OM-10-body
resource, and an EX38 resource. The
Olympus-OM-10-body is listed as costing 345 USD.
The EX38 is listed as being compatibleWith the
Olympus-OM-10-body, and costs 295 USD. The Web
Bot is unable to determine if this information
is relevant until it processes the two referenced
resources. The Web Bot stores this document
away for later processing ...
27
Olympus Corporation has the referenced Camera
Body and Lens
ltOlympusCorporation xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1
999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns"
xmlbase"http//www.olympus.com"gt
ltinventory rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltBody rdfID"Olympus-OM-10-body"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt ltLens
rdfID"EX38"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt lt/Lensgt
lt/inventorygt lt/OlympusCorporationgt
The Web Bot finds the referenced resources at
the Olympus Corp's Web site
Note the complete identifier for
Olympus-OM-10-body is the concatenation of the
xmlbase with '' and "Olympus-OM-10-body", i.e.,
http//www.olympus.comOlympus-OM-10-body
Thus, the above document is defining the
resource referenced by the Outlet store on the
previous slide ltBody rdfabout"http//w
ww.olympus.comOlympus-OM-10-body"gt Ditto for
EX38.
28
The Two Web Documents
Olympus Corp.
Outlet Store
ltOlympus-Retail-Outlet-Store xmlnsrdf"http//www
.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt
ltinventory rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltBody rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comOlympus-OM
-10-body" xmlns"http//www.ca
mera.org"gt ltcost rdfparseType"Resou
rce"gt ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/Bodygt ltLens
rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comEX38"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//www.olymp
us.comOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt295lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/Lensgt lt/inventorygt lt/Olympus-Retail-Outl
et-Storegt
ltOlympusCorporation xmlnsrdf"rdf"
xmlbase"http//www.oly
mpus.com"gt ltinventory rdfparseType"Collectio
n"gt ltBody rdfID"Olympus-OM-10-body"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"
gt ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt ltLens
rdfID"EX38"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt lt/Lensgt
lt/inventorygt lt/OlympusCorporationgt
The Web Bot can now merge the data from the two
Web sites ...
29
Aggregating DataOlympus-OM-10-body
ltBody rdfID"Olympus-OM-10-body"gt
ltshutter-speed rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt lt/Bodygt
ltBody rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comOlympus-OM
-10-body"gt ltcost rdfparseType"Resource"
gt ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/Bodygt
ltBody rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comOlympus-OM
-10-body"gt ltshutter-speed
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltmingt0.002lt/mingt
ltmaxgt1.0lt/maxgt
ltunitsgtsecondslt/unitsgt
lt/shutter-speedgt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt325lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt lt/Bodygt
The Web Bot now recognizes that the Outlet store
is selling a Camera Body with the desired shutter
speed, at a cost of 325 USD.
30
Aggregating Data EX38 Lens
ltLens rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comEX38"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//www.o
lympus.comOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt295lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/Lensgt
ltLens rdfID"EX38"gt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.5-5.6lt/f-stopgt lt/Lensgt
ltLens rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comEX38"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//www.o
lympus.comOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.0-4.5lt/f-stopgt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt295lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt
lt/costgt lt/Lensgt
The Web Bot now recognizes that the Olympus
Outlet store is selling a Camera Lens that is
compatible with the Camera body and the Lens has
the desired f-stop and focal-length, and the Lens
costs 295 USD. Thus, the Web Bot has located a
Camera Body, along with a compatible Camera Lens.
However, it's too expensive Total Cost
325 295 620 A cheaper Lens needs to be
found ...
31
Sears has a cheaper, compatible lens!
The Web Bot locates a cheaper, compatible lens at
the Sears Web site
ltSearsRoebuck xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02
/22-rdf-syntax-ns"gt ltcamera-inventory
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltLens
rdfID"Sears-300-Zoom"
xmlns"http//www.camera.org"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//www.olympus.c
omOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt
ltfocal-lengthgt75-300mm zoomlt/focal-lengthgt
ltf-stopgt4.0-4.5lt/f-stopgt ltcost
rdfparseType"Resource"gt
ltrdfvaluegt145lt/rdfvaluegt
ltcurrencygtUSDlt/currencygt lt/costgt
lt/Lensgt lt/camera-inventorygt lt/SearsRoebuck
gt
With this lens the cost of Body plus Lens is
Total Cost 325 145 470 This meets the
query's request for a Camera which costs under
500 USD!
32
Aggregating Data to Create Unified, Coherent
Information!
Outlet Store
Olympus Corp.
ltOlympus-Retail-Outlet-Storegt ltinventory
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltBody
rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comOlympus-OM-10-bo
dy"gt ... lt/Bodygt
ltLens rdfabout"http//www.olympus.comEX38"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//w
ww.olympus.comOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt
... lt/Lensgt ...
lt/inventorygt lt/Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Storegt
ltOlympusCorporation xmlbase"http//www.olympus.c
om"gt ltcatalog rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltBody rdfID"Olympus-OM-10-body"gt
... lt/Bodygt ltLens
rdfID"EX38"gt ...
lt/Lensgt ... lt/cataloggt lt/OlympusCorpor
ationgt
Web Bot
Sears
ltSearsRoebuckgt ltcamera-catalog
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltLens
rdfID"Sears-300-Zoom"gt
ltcompatibleWith rdfresource"http//www.olympus.c
omOlympus-OM-10-body"/gt ...
lt/Lensgt ... lt/camera-cataloggt lt/
SearsRoebuckgt
33
These Examples are Online!
Here is the URL to a pictorial view of the Camera
Ontology http//www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies
/camera/sld001.htm Here is the URL to the
camera.owl document http//www.xfront.com/owl
/ontologies/camera/camera.owl Here are the URLs
to 7 physical expressions (instance documents)
http//www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/Quer
y1.xml http//www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/cam
era/Hunts.xml http//www.xfront.com/owl/ontolog
ies/camera/Query2.xml http//www.xfront.com/owl
/ontologies/camera/Hunts2.xml
http//www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/RJs.xm
l http//www.xfront.com/owl/ontologies/camera/O
lympusOutletStore.xml http//www.xfront.com/owl
/ontologies/camera/OlympusCorp.xml