Title: Community Policing
1Community Policing
- Chapter 2
- Inside Police Agencies Understanding Mission and
Culture
2Objectives
- Define what a mission statement is
- Know what police spend the majority of their time
doing - How the make up of the police force has changed
in recent years - What characteristics are attributed to the police
sub-culture
3Objectives Cont.
- Where the police image come from?
- What a negative contact is?
- What the public expects of the police?
- What dilemma faces law enforcement?
- How discretion fits into the community policing
philosophy? - What 3 ethics-checks are?
4Introduction
- While this chapter focuses on police officers as
professionals, always remember that police
officers are first and foremost people. They are
sons, daughters, mothers, fathers, brothers,
sisters, aunts, uncles, neighbors and friends.
They may belong to community organizations,
attend local churches and be active in local
politics. Their individual attributes greatly
influence who they are as police officers
5THE POLICE MISSION
6The Police Mission Cont..
- Al police departments must have a mission
statement - The mission statement usually defines the purpose
for its existence - The mission statement is a written declaration or
purpose - The mission statement tells how the agency will
arrive at its destination - The mission statement may tell what the police
department may focus its energies on such as
crime fighting or identifying problems
7Mission Statements Cont..
- See example of (Aurora Police Dept and LA Police
Department) - The mission statement is developed using a
committee of members of the community and staff
officers - The public can identify the type of service it
expects from the community - Developing a mission statement that reflects an
agencies commitment to the public can be very
meaningful and positive and create a more
effective police department
8Crime Fighting VS Service
- Should police departments be proactive or
reactive - They are often divided on this issue
- All departments have officers who are incident
driven or reactive who believe their mission is
handling 911 calls - They see community policing as a bunch of social
workers
9Crime Fighting vs Service Cont.
- Officers will always continue to catch the bad
guys - Police continue to focus on common crimes such as
burglary, robbery and assault and the crimes they
target will contribute to negative
police-community relations - However police fail to investigate or arrest a
businessperson for insider trading, price fixing,
or cheating on their taxes - They tend to concentrate on focusing on the poor
who have no back yards, country clubs, summer
homes, automobiles, air conditioning and other
advantages that take them out of the officers
sight
10 FIGHTING CRIME V. SERVICE Cont..
- THE POLICE OFFICERS DOMAIN IS THE STREETS
THOSE PEOPLE WHO SPEND THEIR TIME ON THE STREET
WILL RECEIVE A DISPORPORTIONATE AMOUNT OF POLICE
ATTENTION - COMMUNITY-POLICING OFFICERS VIEW CITIZENS AS
CLIENTS BECAUSE THESE OFFICERS HAVE BOTH
PROTECTOR AND SERVANT ROLES - ABOUT 25 PERCENT OF OFFICER TIME WAS SPENT IN
PUBLIC ENCOUNTERS
11NEIGHBORHOOD COPS OR SPECIAL OPS?
THE REACTIVE OR PROAVTIVE CONTROVERSY CAN BE SEEN
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO CONTRADICTORY MODELS IN
POLICING
- COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING (COP)
- COP GREW OUT OF THE PUBLICS DISSATISFACTON WITH
POLICE FORCES SEEN AS OCCUPYING ARMIES RATHER
THAN PUBLIC SERVANTS
- SPECIAL WEAPONS AND TACTICS (SWAT)
- TEAMS WERE ESTABLISHED IN LOS ANGELES TO CONTROL
THE RIOTS OF THE 60S - SUCH TEAMS ARE BY NATURE, REACTIVE
- VIEWED AS A LINE OF DEFENSE
12Organization of a Police Department
- Usually that of a pyramid hierarchy based on a
military model - Command officers and supervisors have complete
authority of subordinates - This is one of the reasons for high turnover in
some departments - Police Departments are based on a military
structure of rank - They also rely heavily on punishment to enforce
rules of the department
13Organization Continued
- To remain competitive against private policing
department structures are changing - The are becoming more of a flat organization
with less lieutenants and captains. - Some departments are experimenting with placing
officers at the top of the pyramid with everyone
else having a supporting role - Some departments have eliminated 20of their
supervision to reallocate the resources elsewhere
14ORGANIZATION CONT..
- THE GREEN BAY, WI POLICE DEPT REORGANIZED.
- ELIMINATED OF RANKS ASSISTANT CHIEF, DEPUTY CHIEF
AND INSPECTOR - ALSO REDUCED SUPERVISORY STAFF BY 21
- INCREASED THE NUMBER OF OFFICERS ON THE STREETS
FROM 135 TO 151 AND WAS ACCOMPLISHED WITHOUT ANY
INCREASE IN THE DEPTS BUDGET - RESTRUCTURING CAN BE APPLIED TO POLICE DEPTS,
ESPECIALLY THE SMALL DEPTS - OFFICERS MUST BE EMPOWERED, MEANING GIVEN THE
AUTHORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS
15TYPICAL POLICE DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
- CHIEF (TOP MANAGEMENT)
- CAPTAINS AND LIEUTENANTS (MIDDLE MANAGEMENT)
- SERGEANTS (FIRST-LINE MANAGEMENT SUPERVISORS)
- OFFICERS AND SUPPORT PERSONNEL (LINE STAFF)
- Note PRIVATE SECURITY IS THE NATIONS
PRIMARY PROTECTIVE RESOURCE TODAY - It outspends law enforcement by 73 and employs
3 times the workforce - MANY POLICE DEPARTMENTS ARE TURNING TO
FLAT ORGANIZATION MEANING, FEWER LTS AND
CAPTS, AND MORE SGTS AND PATROL OFFICERS
16MANAGEMENT STYLES
- COMMUNITY POLICING USUALLY REQUIRES DIFFERENT
MANAGEMENT STYLES - PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP
- EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS A VOICE IN DECISIONS, BUT TOP
MANAGEMENT STILL HAS THE ULTIMATE DECISION-MAKING
AUTHORITY - DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP HAS BEEN
EVLOVING SINCE THE 1930S AND 1940S
17Management Styles Cont..
- DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
- MEANS MANAGEMENT WELCOMES EMPLOYEES IDEAS AND
INPUT - DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE MANAGERS ARE
INTERESTED IN THEIR SUBORDINATES AND THEIR
PROBLEMS AND WELFARE - MANAGEMENT STILL MAKES THE FINAL DECISION
18 MANAGEMENT STYLES CONT..
OLD AND NEW STYLE LEADERSHIP COMPARED (EXAMPLES)
- PARTICIPATORY STYLE
- PROBLEM SOLVING
- TEAMWORK
- COMMUNITY ORIENTATION
- USE DATA-BASED DECISION MAKING
- BOSS AS COACH TEACHER
- CREATE, INNOVATE, EXPERIMENT
- TRUST EMPLOYEES
- AUTHORITARIAN STYLE
- RESPONSE TO INCIDENTS
- INDIVIDUAL EFFORT COMPETITIVENESS
- PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE
- GO BY THE BOOK DECISIONS
- BOSS AS PATRIARCH AND ORDER GIVER
- MAINTAIN STATUS QUO
- CONTROL WATCH EMPLOYEES
19Management Styles Cont.
- Critics for the police argue that it is
impossible to operate a department with
participatory management concepts because police
manages at all levels are affected by - Hosts of regulations
- Obstructions by politicians and community leaders
- Regulatory agencies which require departments to
operate with more of a centralized control
20TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
- TQM IS BASICALLY A SYSTEM THAT TRIES TO ENSURE
THAT AN ORGANIZATION MEETS AND EXCEEDS CUSTOMER
REQUIREMENTS - DEMINGS 14 POINTS WERE ORIGINALLY AIMED AT
BUSINESSES, BUT NOW APPLY TO LAW ENFORCEMENT
- TQM APPLIES TO COMMUNITY POLICING, MODERN METHODS
OF TRAINING SUPERVISING, BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS
BETWEEN STAFF AREAS, FORMING VIGOROUS PROGRAMS
OF EDUCATION TRAINING
21WHO ARE THE POLICE?
- TRADITIONALLY, THE POLICE WERE A FAIRLY
HOMOGENEOUS GROUP - WHITE, MALE, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATED AND HAD A
MILITARY BACKGROUND - TODAY, POLICE OFFICERS HAVE BECOME A MORE
HETEROGENEOUS GROUP - POLICE DEPARTMENTS HAVE MORE WOMEN AND MINORITY
OFFICERS - THEIR EDUCATION LEVEL IS MUCH HIGHER
- FEW HAVE MILITARY EXPERIENCE
- POLICE ARE ALSO INTERESTED IN HELPING PEOPLE AS
THEY ARE IN FIGHTING CRIME - SUCH CHANGES IN THE FORCE ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO THE
COMMUNITY POLICING PHILOSOPHY - THE BETTER EDUCATED THE POLICE OFFICERS ARE, THE
MORE EQUIPPED THEY WILL BE IN TO DEVISE SOLUTIONS
TO COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
22Ethnic Background of Sworn Officers in US Today
23The Police Culture
- Police are all part of the nations
- largest fraternity
- They develop a unique police
- culture
- They have tremendous power
- over the citizens they serve
- Culture is behavior that occurs
- when supervisors are not present
24Police Culture Cont
- Police have a strong bond or association because
they have to depend on each other in life
threatening situations - Some say the police culture is clannish,
secretive, and isolated Code of Silence - 46 of the officers surveyed stated they have
witnessed misconduct of officers but had not
taken any action
25Police Culture Continued
- Police feel they are the only real crime fighters
- No one understands them or what police work is
all about - They owe 100 loyalty to their fellow officers
- They must often bend the rules to win the war
against criminals because the courts have given
criminals too many civil rights - The public is unappreciative and quick to
criticize - Patrol is the worst assignment
26The Police Culture Continued
- Officers expect the public to respect them but
they resist the authority of their own
supervisors - Officers expect witnesses to tell them what
happened at the scene but refuse to cooperate
with an internal investigation - Officers hate gang members who remain silent due
to peer pressure but refuse themselves to assist
with internal investigations
27The Police Image and How the Public Views the
police
- NYPD Blue?
- Laid back Andy of Mayberry Image?
- Unselfish, fearless heroes
- Hard hearted brutal oppressors
- Corrupt abusers of power
28How Citizens View the Police
- Some view officers as unselfish, fearless and
compassionate protectors of the weak and
defenseless who can uncover the truth and bring
the guilty to justice. - Others view the police as people who abuse their
power and persons they come in contact with in
the line of duty
29Where the Police Image Comes From
- Television programs, movies, newspapers,
magazines, books, opinions of friends and family - Your education level and how you see the police
- Where you live
- Your economic status
- Your gender or whether you are a member of a
minority group - If you have contact with the CJ system
30Police Image Cont..
- Image is also shaped by appearance and police
actions - The uniform, and the equipment is a very visible
reminder of police authority (Patches, Badges,
Sunglasses, handcuffs, nightstick and guns can be
intimidating - Officer behavior has a direct impact on image
- Accepting gratuities no matter how small (free
coffee) - The manner in which police exercise their
authority - Officers attitudes and how the interact, their
education, professionalism etc
31Public Expectations
- That police should crack down on drunk drivers
- Laws should be enforced against everyone else but
they are the exception - They expect police to help them when they have a
problem
32Police Discretion
- Discretion is making a decision based on an
individual choice - Factors include the law and department guidelines
- Officers have to be allowed to make choices to be
effective and to use common sense - Officers use selective enforcement whereas as
they look at all mitigating factors before
arresting or not arresting Ex writing a traffic
warning
33Use of Force
- Use of force is necessary to overcome resistance
- Use of force encompasses a wide range of options
up deadly force - Departments need very specific policy regarding
use of force
34Ethics In Law Enforcement
- Law enforcement personnel must be of good
character who look for fairness and justice - The manner in which they enforce the law may
influence the public in viewing the police as
ethical or corrupt - Today many departments require police to have a
college education - Ethics is a part of training and education
- There is no right way to do a wrong thing
35Ethics Cont
- Remember the three ethics-check questions
- Is it legal?
- Is it balanced
- Will it make me feel good about myself
- Unfortunately some officers value results over
duty and principle
36The End