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Community Policing

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... WHO SPEND THEIR TIME ON THE STREET WILL RECEIVE A DISPORPORTIONATE AMOUNT OF ... PARTICIPATORY STYLE: PROBLEM SOLVING. TEAMWORK. COMMUNITY ORIENTATION ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Community Policing


1
Community Policing
  • Chapter 2
  • Inside Police Agencies Understanding Mission and
    Culture

2
Objectives
  • Define what a mission statement is
  • Know what police spend the majority of their time
    doing
  • How the make up of the police force has changed
    in recent years
  • What characteristics are attributed to the police
    sub-culture

3
Objectives Cont.
  • Where the police image come from?
  • What a negative contact is?
  • What the public expects of the police?
  • What dilemma faces law enforcement?
  • How discretion fits into the community policing
    philosophy?
  • What 3 ethics-checks are?

4
Introduction
  • While this chapter focuses on police officers as
    professionals, always remember that police
    officers are first and foremost people. They are
    sons, daughters, mothers, fathers, brothers,
    sisters, aunts, uncles, neighbors and friends.
    They may belong to community organizations,
    attend local churches and be active in local
    politics. Their individual attributes greatly
    influence who they are as police officers

5
THE POLICE MISSION
6
The Police Mission Cont..
  • Al police departments must have a mission
    statement
  • The mission statement usually defines the purpose
    for its existence
  • The mission statement is a written declaration or
    purpose
  • The mission statement tells how the agency will
    arrive at its destination
  • The mission statement may tell what the police
    department may focus its energies on such as
    crime fighting or identifying problems

7
Mission Statements Cont..
  • See example of (Aurora Police Dept and LA Police
    Department)
  • The mission statement is developed using a
    committee of members of the community and staff
    officers
  • The public can identify the type of service it
    expects from the community
  • Developing a mission statement that reflects an
    agencies commitment to the public can be very
    meaningful and positive and create a more
    effective police department

8
Crime Fighting VS Service
  • Should police departments be proactive or
    reactive
  • They are often divided on this issue
  • All departments have officers who are incident
    driven or reactive who believe their mission is
    handling 911 calls
  • They see community policing as a bunch of social
    workers

9
Crime Fighting vs Service Cont.
  • Officers will always continue to catch the bad
    guys
  • Police continue to focus on common crimes such as
    burglary, robbery and assault and the crimes they
    target will contribute to negative
    police-community relations
  • However police fail to investigate or arrest a
    businessperson for insider trading, price fixing,
    or cheating on their taxes
  • They tend to concentrate on focusing on the poor
    who have no back yards, country clubs, summer
    homes, automobiles, air conditioning and other
    advantages that take them out of the officers
    sight

10
FIGHTING CRIME V. SERVICE Cont..
  • THE POLICE OFFICERS DOMAIN IS THE STREETS
    THOSE PEOPLE WHO SPEND THEIR TIME ON THE STREET
    WILL RECEIVE A DISPORPORTIONATE AMOUNT OF POLICE
    ATTENTION
  • COMMUNITY-POLICING OFFICERS VIEW CITIZENS AS
    CLIENTS BECAUSE THESE OFFICERS HAVE BOTH
    PROTECTOR AND SERVANT ROLES
  • ABOUT 25 PERCENT OF OFFICER TIME WAS SPENT IN
    PUBLIC ENCOUNTERS

11
NEIGHBORHOOD COPS OR SPECIAL OPS?
THE REACTIVE OR PROAVTIVE CONTROVERSY CAN BE SEEN
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO CONTRADICTORY MODELS IN
POLICING
  • COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING (COP)
  • COP GREW OUT OF THE PUBLICS DISSATISFACTON WITH
    POLICE FORCES SEEN AS OCCUPYING ARMIES RATHER
    THAN PUBLIC SERVANTS
  • SPECIAL WEAPONS AND TACTICS (SWAT)
  • TEAMS WERE ESTABLISHED IN LOS ANGELES TO CONTROL
    THE RIOTS OF THE 60S
  • SUCH TEAMS ARE BY NATURE, REACTIVE
  • VIEWED AS A LINE OF DEFENSE

12
Organization of a Police Department
  • Usually that of a pyramid hierarchy based on a
    military model
  • Command officers and supervisors have complete
    authority of subordinates
  • This is one of the reasons for high turnover in
    some departments
  • Police Departments are based on a military
    structure of rank
  • They also rely heavily on punishment to enforce
    rules of the department

13
Organization Continued
  • To remain competitive against private policing
    department structures are changing
  • The are becoming more of a flat organization
    with less lieutenants and captains.
  • Some departments are experimenting with placing
    officers at the top of the pyramid with everyone
    else having a supporting role
  • Some departments have eliminated 20of their
    supervision to reallocate the resources elsewhere

14
ORGANIZATION CONT..
  • THE GREEN BAY, WI POLICE DEPT REORGANIZED.
  • ELIMINATED OF RANKS ASSISTANT CHIEF, DEPUTY CHIEF
    AND INSPECTOR
  • ALSO REDUCED SUPERVISORY STAFF BY 21
  • INCREASED THE NUMBER OF OFFICERS ON THE STREETS
    FROM 135 TO 151 AND WAS ACCOMPLISHED WITHOUT ANY
    INCREASE IN THE DEPTS BUDGET
  • RESTRUCTURING CAN BE APPLIED TO POLICE DEPTS,
    ESPECIALLY THE SMALL DEPTS
  • OFFICERS MUST BE EMPOWERED, MEANING GIVEN THE
    AUTHORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS

15
TYPICAL POLICE DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
  • CHIEF (TOP MANAGEMENT)
  • CAPTAINS AND LIEUTENANTS (MIDDLE MANAGEMENT)
  • SERGEANTS (FIRST-LINE MANAGEMENT SUPERVISORS)
  • OFFICERS AND SUPPORT PERSONNEL (LINE STAFF)
  • Note PRIVATE SECURITY IS THE NATIONS
    PRIMARY PROTECTIVE RESOURCE TODAY
  • It outspends law enforcement by 73 and employs
    3 times the workforce
  • MANY POLICE DEPARTMENTS ARE TURNING TO
    FLAT ORGANIZATION MEANING, FEWER LTS AND
    CAPTS, AND MORE SGTS AND PATROL OFFICERS

16
MANAGEMENT STYLES
  • COMMUNITY POLICING USUALLY REQUIRES DIFFERENT
    MANAGEMENT STYLES
  • PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP
  • EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS A VOICE IN DECISIONS, BUT TOP
    MANAGEMENT STILL HAS THE ULTIMATE DECISION-MAKING
    AUTHORITY
  • DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP HAS BEEN
    EVLOVING SINCE THE 1930S AND 1940S

17
Management Styles Cont..
  • DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP
  • MEANS MANAGEMENT WELCOMES EMPLOYEES IDEAS AND
    INPUT
  • DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE MANAGERS ARE
    INTERESTED IN THEIR SUBORDINATES AND THEIR
    PROBLEMS AND WELFARE
  • MANAGEMENT STILL MAKES THE FINAL DECISION

18
MANAGEMENT STYLES CONT..
OLD AND NEW STYLE LEADERSHIP COMPARED (EXAMPLES)
  • PARTICIPATORY STYLE
  • PROBLEM SOLVING
  • TEAMWORK
  • COMMUNITY ORIENTATION
  • USE DATA-BASED DECISION MAKING
  • BOSS AS COACH TEACHER
  • CREATE, INNOVATE, EXPERIMENT
  • TRUST EMPLOYEES
  • AUTHORITARIAN STYLE
  • RESPONSE TO INCIDENTS
  • INDIVIDUAL EFFORT COMPETITIVENESS
  • PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE
  • GO BY THE BOOK DECISIONS
  • BOSS AS PATRIARCH AND ORDER GIVER
  • MAINTAIN STATUS QUO
  • CONTROL WATCH EMPLOYEES

19
Management Styles Cont.
  • Critics for the police argue that it is
    impossible to operate a department with
    participatory management concepts because police
    manages at all levels are affected by
  • Hosts of regulations
  • Obstructions by politicians and community leaders
  • Regulatory agencies which require departments to
    operate with more of a centralized control

20
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
  • TQM IS BASICALLY A SYSTEM THAT TRIES TO ENSURE
    THAT AN ORGANIZATION MEETS AND EXCEEDS CUSTOMER
    REQUIREMENTS
  • DEMINGS 14 POINTS WERE ORIGINALLY AIMED AT
    BUSINESSES, BUT NOW APPLY TO LAW ENFORCEMENT
  • TQM APPLIES TO COMMUNITY POLICING, MODERN METHODS
    OF TRAINING SUPERVISING, BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS
    BETWEEN STAFF AREAS, FORMING VIGOROUS PROGRAMS
    OF EDUCATION TRAINING

21
WHO ARE THE POLICE?
  • TRADITIONALLY, THE POLICE WERE A FAIRLY
    HOMOGENEOUS GROUP
  • WHITE, MALE, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATED AND HAD A
    MILITARY BACKGROUND
  • TODAY, POLICE OFFICERS HAVE BECOME A MORE
    HETEROGENEOUS GROUP
  • POLICE DEPARTMENTS HAVE MORE WOMEN AND MINORITY
    OFFICERS
  • THEIR EDUCATION LEVEL IS MUCH HIGHER
  • FEW HAVE MILITARY EXPERIENCE
  • POLICE ARE ALSO INTERESTED IN HELPING PEOPLE AS
    THEY ARE IN FIGHTING CRIME
  • SUCH CHANGES IN THE FORCE ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO THE
    COMMUNITY POLICING PHILOSOPHY
  • THE BETTER EDUCATED THE POLICE OFFICERS ARE, THE
    MORE EQUIPPED THEY WILL BE IN TO DEVISE SOLUTIONS
    TO COMMUNITY PROBLEMS

22
Ethnic Background of Sworn Officers in US Today
23
The Police Culture
  • Police are all part of the nations
  • largest fraternity
  • They develop a unique police
  • culture
  • They have tremendous power
  • over the citizens they serve
  • Culture is behavior that occurs
  • when supervisors are not present

24
Police Culture Cont
  • Police have a strong bond or association because
    they have to depend on each other in life
    threatening situations
  • Some say the police culture is clannish,
    secretive, and isolated Code of Silence
  • 46 of the officers surveyed stated they have
    witnessed misconduct of officers but had not
    taken any action

25
Police Culture Continued
  • Police feel they are the only real crime fighters
  • No one understands them or what police work is
    all about
  • They owe 100 loyalty to their fellow officers
  • They must often bend the rules to win the war
    against criminals because the courts have given
    criminals too many civil rights
  • The public is unappreciative and quick to
    criticize
  • Patrol is the worst assignment

26
The Police Culture Continued
  • Officers expect the public to respect them but
    they resist the authority of their own
    supervisors
  • Officers expect witnesses to tell them what
    happened at the scene but refuse to cooperate
    with an internal investigation
  • Officers hate gang members who remain silent due
    to peer pressure but refuse themselves to assist
    with internal investigations

27
The Police Image and How the Public Views the
police
  • NYPD Blue?
  • Laid back Andy of Mayberry Image?
  • Unselfish, fearless heroes
  • Hard hearted brutal oppressors
  • Corrupt abusers of power

28
How Citizens View the Police
  • Some view officers as unselfish, fearless and
    compassionate protectors of the weak and
    defenseless who can uncover the truth and bring
    the guilty to justice.
  • Others view the police as people who abuse their
    power and persons they come in contact with in
    the line of duty

29
Where the Police Image Comes From
  • Television programs, movies, newspapers,
    magazines, books, opinions of friends and family
  • Your education level and how you see the police
  • Where you live
  • Your economic status
  • Your gender or whether you are a member of a
    minority group
  • If you have contact with the CJ system

30
Police Image Cont..
  • Image is also shaped by appearance and police
    actions
  • The uniform, and the equipment is a very visible
    reminder of police authority (Patches, Badges,
    Sunglasses, handcuffs, nightstick and guns can be
    intimidating
  • Officer behavior has a direct impact on image
  • Accepting gratuities no matter how small (free
    coffee)
  • The manner in which police exercise their
    authority
  • Officers attitudes and how the interact, their
    education, professionalism etc

31
Public Expectations
  • That police should crack down on drunk drivers
  • Laws should be enforced against everyone else but
    they are the exception
  • They expect police to help them when they have a
    problem

32
Police Discretion
  • Discretion is making a decision based on an
    individual choice
  • Factors include the law and department guidelines
  • Officers have to be allowed to make choices to be
    effective and to use common sense
  • Officers use selective enforcement whereas as
    they look at all mitigating factors before
    arresting or not arresting Ex writing a traffic
    warning

33
Use of Force
  • Use of force is necessary to overcome resistance
  • Use of force encompasses a wide range of options
    up deadly force
  • Departments need very specific policy regarding
    use of force

34
Ethics In Law Enforcement
  • Law enforcement personnel must be of good
    character who look for fairness and justice
  • The manner in which they enforce the law may
    influence the public in viewing the police as
    ethical or corrupt
  • Today many departments require police to have a
    college education
  • Ethics is a part of training and education
  • There is no right way to do a wrong thing

35
Ethics Cont
  • Remember the three ethics-check questions
  • Is it legal?
  • Is it balanced
  • Will it make me feel good about myself
  • Unfortunately some officers value results over
    duty and principle

36
The End
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