Title: Program Theory and Logic Models 2
1Program Theory and Logic Models (2)
- CHSC 433
- Module 3/Chapter 5 Part 2
- L. Michele Issel, PhD
- UIC School of Public Health
2Theory (Part 1) (Part 2)
- In Theory (Part 1), we cover
- Model of the Health Problem as a starting point.
- What is the Program Theory
- What is the Effect Theory
- What is the Process Theory
- In Theory (Part 2), we cover
- Good interventions
- The Pyramid
- Development of Program Theory
- Roots of program failure
3Learning ObjectivesBy the end of this module,
you will be able to
- Define interventions and give examples of good
interventions. - Outline the steps involved in developing a
program theory. - Develop a program logic model.
- Explain two ways in which a program can fail.
4Program TheoryThe turquoise arrow on the far
left signifies first reflect, then do the
details.
5Its all about the intervention
- The Organizational Plan and the Service
Utilization Plan (as the two main elements of the
Process Theory) exist to enable the delivery of
the intervention.
6Elements of Effect Theory
7Interventions
- Are those actions done intentionally to have an
effect on the program participants. - Are verbs.
- Synonyms medical treatments, pharmacological
treatments, psychological therapy, public health
regulation enforcement, policy formulation.
8Criteria of a Good Intervention
- Technologically feasible
- Health gains must result
- Be politically feasibility
- Addresses societal priorities
- Be manipulable
- Have a reasonable cost
9Interventions as Components
- Is the intervention a single action or a series,
group, package of actions? - Could each set of actions be delivered separately
as a package? - Do the packages of actions have different
effects? - If the intervention consists of packages, then
the program has components!
10Caveats to Components
- For each intervention, whether delivered
singularly or as a program component, there needs
to be - A connection to the overall Effect Theory
- An intervention theory
- Supporting Organizational and Service Utilization
Plans
11Considering Community
- Increasing federal agency emphasis placed on
changing health across entire communities, not
just of individuals or groups of individuals.
12Think Interventions and Program Theory Across
the Pyramid
13Examples of Interventions for Individuals and
Community
- Individual Level Skills building Information
giving Psychotherapy Emotional support Marital
counseling Medications Medical or dental
procedures
- Population LevelWater fluoridation Media
campaignsImmunization programsPolicy formation
Income supplements Insurance supplements
Delivery system changesAir quality
controlWorkplace safety
14Approaches to Program Theory Development
- Deductive
- Systematically derive from empirical literature
- Systematically derive the theory for observations
and data - Inductive
- Articulate what is intuitively being to make a
difference, infer from what is being done - User-focused
- Ask the evaluation users how the program works
15Deduce, Induce
- Deduction as common approach to generate Effect
Theory. - Induction as useful to identify the Espoused and
Theory-in-Action these are key to both Effect
and Process Theories. - Espousedwhat claim to do
- Theory-in-Actionwhat is really done
16Getting at Program Theory
17Logic Models are ...
- Graphic or tabular representation of how program
processes are linked to outcomes - Required of federal program grantees, and various
foundation grantees. - Revised and revised and revised as the planning
evolves.
18Limitations of Logic Models
- ! Do NOT explain how the intervention causes the
effect ! - Thus, the need for the Effect Theory based on the
- Model of the Health Problem.
19The Logic of Logic Models
- Useful in
- Streamlining program and evaluation
- Focusing on key, critical elements
- Communicating complex ideas to variety of
audiences - Checking that it all fits together
20To Avoid Program Failures
- Choose empirically tested intervention based on a
biological, psychological, behavioral, or social
theory that FIT the health problem. - Choose intervention that FIT the logics.
- Program Theory is the reality check for those
choices. -
- Its all about stacking the deck in your favor.
21Causes of Program Failure
- Non-Program
- No participants
- No program activities, no interventions
- Wrong intervention
- Not appropriate, not effective for the problem
- Unstandardized intervention
- Variations within program, across sites
22Roots of Program FailureAdapted from Carol Weiss
23Ending with An Example
- The Model of the Health Problem for an example
- Goal of Improving Birth Outcomes.
- The Process and Effect components are shown.
24Effect Theory Example Goal Improve Newborn
Health Status
25Corresponding Logic ModelLogic Model elements
defined in yellow row. Very simplified!