Adaptive Hypermedia 2ID20 Course 5

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Adaptive Hypermedia 2ID20Course 5
Application of Learning Styles in AHA!

• Natalia Stash
• January 12, 2005

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Contents

• AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
• Learning styles (LS) in Adaptive Hypermedia
  (Recap.)
• Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
• Application of the Strategies in AHA!
• Assignment

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Contents

• AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
• Learning styles (LS) and Adaptive Hypermedia
• Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
• Application of the Strategies in AHA!
• Assignment

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AHA! Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture

• Main characteristics
• Tools
• adaptive hypermedia engine as adaptive web server
  extension
• graphical authoring tool for concept
  relationships
• forms and multiple-choice tests
• Methodology
• conditional inclusion of fragments
• adaptive link hiding or annotation
• adaptation in local and remote pages
• pages in HTML or XML format
• flexible user model (arbitrary concepts
  attributes)
• event-condition-action (ECA) rules

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Example from 2L690

• 1. Before reading about history of hypermedia the
  URL page shows
• In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system,
  developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from
  1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that
  part could be missing.
• 2. Before reading about Xanadu the URL page
  shows
• In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system,
  developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from
  1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that
  part could be missing.
• 3. After reading about Xanadu this becomes
• In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that
  part could be missing.

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AHA! Architecture
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AHA! Adaptive Functionality
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AHA! Standard XHTML

• AHA! 3.0 adds support for standard XHTML, with
  conditional object inclusion

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Conditional Inclusion of Objects for AHA!

• page retrieval gt parse stream
• when ltobjectgt tag with type aha/textis
  encountered in parse stream
• - adaptation rules of the object concept are
  executed, as a result
• - a resource to include is selected inserted
  into the parse stream
• included data may also contain ltobjectgt tags
• - objects may include other objects
• - danger infinite recursive object inclusion !!!

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Adaptive Link Hiding Annotation

• AHA! recognizes 2 classes of links
  conditional unconditional
• lta hrefpage.xhtml classconditionalgtlink
  anchorlt/agt
• The engine translates links to good, neutral and
  bad
• lta hrefpage.xhtml classgoodgtlink
  anchorlt/agt
• AHA! uses stylesheet in (x)html page for link
  colors
• ltstyle type"text/css"gt
• a.Goodlink text-decoration none color
  0000ff
• a.Goodvisited text-decoration none color
  0000ff
• a.Neutrallink text-decoration none color
  7c007c
• a.Neutralvisited text-decoration none
  color 7c007c
• lt/stylegt

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AHA! Example application page

• lt!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM aha/AHAStandard/xhtml1-str
  ict.dtdgt
• lthtml xmlnshttp//www.w3.org/1999/xhtmlgt
• ltheadgt
• lttitlegtExample of AHA! with XHTMLlt/titlegt
• ltheadgt
• ltbodygt
• lta hrefpage.xhtml classconditionalgtlink
  anchorlt/agt
• lta hrefconceptname classconditionalgtlink
  destinationlt/agt
• ltobject nameapplicationName.object1
  typeaha/text /gt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt

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Setting up an adaptive site with AHA!

• To start using AHA! you should perform the
  following steps
• Download the Tomcat webserver and start at
  http//localhost8080/admin
• Install AHA! 3.0. We assume you use directory
  c/aha on a Windows machine (but any directory in
  Windows or Unix should work)
• Start Tomcat (with disconnected network) and
  create a new context for AHA!
• Perform automatic configuration at
  http//localhost8080/aha/Config (see
  Configuring AHA! slide)
• Optional Restart the Tomcat server and go to the
  configuration page again to create authors and
  applications

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Creating an AHA! Context
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Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
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Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
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Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
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AHA! Automatic Configuration

• The first time you go to http//localhost8080/aha
  /Config the following message appears
• The automatic configuration is then completed and
  you have to restart the Tomcat server.
• You can then login using aha
  and an empty password.

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Configuring AHA!

• The configuration tool lets you create and edit
  manager properties, authors and applications

• Note the conversion options between the XML
  authoring formats and the AHA! engines internal
  format

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AHA! Directory Structure

• Structure in the AHA! directory tree
• AHAStandard contains all publicly needed DTDs
• WEB-INF AHA! configuration files and classes
  subdirectory tree (for servlets)
• lib class subdirectory tree for authoring
  applets
• xmlroot XML database storage for DM/AM and UM
• author/authorfiles all files used and created by
  the authoring tools
• list of authors and for each author a directory
  with the authors applications
• concept templates (types of concepts with their
  attributes)
• concept relationship types (with their adaptation
  rules)
• for each AHA! application a subdirectory tree

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Authoring for AHA! (with AHA! tools)

• Authoring is about
• content alternatives, adaptation techniques
  ultimately the whole user-interaction mechanism
  design.
• It is crucial to support the authors during this
  process.
• AHA! authoring tools for creating the DM/AM
• - Concept Editor (low-level tool)
• - Graph Author (high level tool)
• Currently there is no specific AHA! tool for
  creating the application content

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The Graph Author
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Contents

• AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
• Learning styles (LS) and Adaptive Hypermedia
  recap.
• Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
• Application of the Strategies in AHA!
• Assignment

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Learning styles AH

• ARTHUR, iWeaver, MANIC, CS388 sensory
  preferences
• AEC-ES field-dependent (FD) independent (FI)
• LSAS, CS388 global-sequential (Felder-Silverman)
• Tangow sensing-intuitive dimension
  (Felder-Silverman)
• INSPIRE Honey and Mumford model
• etc..

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Types of Strategies

• Instructional strategies
• - selection of media items
• - ordering information or providing different
  navigation paths
• Instructional meta-strategies inference or
  monitoring strategies

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Instructional Strategiesselection of media items
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Presentation of MOT user guide to Verbalizer
versus Imager
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Instructional Strategiesordering information or
providing different navigation paths
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Honey and Mumford model
Activist I like to have a go and see what happens
Pragmatists I like tried and tested techniques
that are relevant to my problems
Theorist I like to tidy up and reach some
conclusions
Reflector I like to gather information and mull
things over
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AH response for Honey and Mumford model

• Concept representations

• Activity
• Example

• Exercise
• Theory/ Explanation

Concept representations order
Activist Activity Example Theory/Explanation
Exercise Reflector Example Theory/Explanation
Exercise - Activity
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FD vs. FI treatment (Recap.)

• FD learners prefer
• structures,
• social content,
• material relevant to own experience.
• AH systems respond by
• providing navigational support tools (CM, path
  indicator, advanced organizer) adaptive
  navigation support

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FD vs. FI treatment (Recap.)

• FI learners
• perceive analytically,
• make concept distinctions,
• prefer impersonal orientation.
• AH systems respond with
• learner control arbitrary succession of course
  material.
• Sometimes explicit switching between FI FD.

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Instructional meta-strategies inference or
monitoring strategies

• Inferring preferences for
• certain types of information text vs. image
• reading order breadth-first vs. depth-first

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Contents

• AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
• Learning styles (LS) and Adaptive Hypermedia
• Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
• Application of the Strategies in AHA!
• Assignment

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XML Learning Style Adaptation Language

• Elements of the language
• select selecting concept representation
• sort sequencing concept representation
• setDefault setting defaults
• actions updating the User Model

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Information about Verbalizer/Vizualizer(Imager) LS
Storage in the User Model (UM)
Interpretation
Value personal.VERBvsIM gt 70 personal.VERBvsIM lt
30 30ltpersonal.VERBvsIMlt70
personal attributes
Users LS
Name login password VERBvsIM
Value str str int 0..100
Verbalizer Imager Not known
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Strategy Verbalizer versus Imager

• lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"UTF-8"?gt
• lt!DOCTYPE strategy SYSTEM "../strategy.dtd"gt
• ltstrategy name"VerbalizerVersusImager"gt
• ltdescriptiongtStrategy for "Verbal" versus
  "Visual" stylelt/descriptiongt
• ltifgt
• ltconditiongtpersonal.VERBvsIM lt
  30lt/conditiongt
• ltthengt
• ltselect attributeName"media"gt
• ltshowContentgtimagelt/showContentgt
• ltshowContentDefaultgtdefaultlt/showContent
  Defaultgt
• ltshowLinkgt
• ltlinkTogttextlt/linkTogt
• ltcommentgtYou can also see the textual
  information about the same conceptlt/commentgt
• lt/showLinkgt
• lt/selectgt
• lt/thengt
• lt/ifgt
• lt/strategygt

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Verbalizer versus Imager
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.VERBvsIM lt
30lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltselect
attributeName"media"gt
ltshowContentgtimagelt/showContentgt
ltshowContentDefaultgtdefaultlt/showContentDefaultgt
ltshowLinkgt ltlinkTogttextlt/linkTogt
ltcommentgtTextual informationlt/commentgt
lt/showLinkgt lt/selectgt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.VERBvsIM gt
30lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltselect
attributeName"media"gt
ltshowContentgttextlt/showContentgt
ltshowContentDefaultgtdefaultlt/showContentDefaultgt
ltshowLinkgt ltlinkTogtimagelt/linkTogt
ltcommentgtPictorial informationlt/commentgt
lt/showLinkgt lt/selectgt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
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Monitoring StrategyText versus Image Preference
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.initial gt 29
ampamp personal.initial lt 71 ampamp
concept.mediatext ampamp
concept.visited0 ampamp personal.traceTextvs
Image ampamp !parent.imagelt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"media"gt
ltUMvariablegtpersonal.VERBvsIMlt/UMvariablegt
ltexpressiongtpersonal.VERBvsIM5lt/expressiongt lt/ac
tiongt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.initial gt 29
ampamp personal.initial lt 71 ampamp
concept.mediaimage ampamp
concept.visited0 ampamp personal.traceTextvs
Image ampamp !parent.text lt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"media"gt
ltUMvariablegtpersonal.VERBvsIMlt/UMvariablegt lte
xpressiongtpersonal.VERBvsIM-5lt/expressiongt lt/actio
ngt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
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Information about Activist versus Reflector LS
Storage in the User Model (UM)
Interpretation
Value personal.HoneyMumfordLM
Activist personal.HoneyMumfordLM Reflector
personal attributes
Users LS
Name login password HoneyMumfortLM
Value str str str
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Activist Versus Reflector
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.HoneyMumfordLMActivist
lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltsort
attributeNamerepresentationgt
ltlinkTogtactivitylt/linkTogt
ltlinkTogtexamplelt/linkTogt ltlinkTogtexplanation
lt/linkTogt ltlinkTogttheorylt/linkTogt
lt/sortgt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.HoneyMumfordLMReflecto
r lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltsort
attributeNamerepresentationgt
ltlinkTogtexamplelt/linkTogt ltlinkTogtexplanation
lt/linkTogt ltlinkTogttheorylt/linkTogt
ltlinkTogtactivitylt/linkTogt lt/sortgt
lt/thengt lt/ifgt
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Information about Global/Analytic LS
Storage in the User Model (UM)
Interpretation
Value personal.GLvsAN gt 70 personal.GLvsAN lt
30 30ltpersonal.GLvsANlt70
personal attributes
Users LS
Name login password GLvsAN
Value str str int 0..100
Global Analytic Not known
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Presentation for Global vs Analytic User
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Strategy for Analytic user
1. concept.level lt personal.upToLevel gt
suitability (parent.firstChild concept.name
parent.visited 100) (parent.firstChild !
concept.name previousSibling.knowledge gt 75
previousSibling.visited 100) 2.
concept.level gt personal.upToLevel gt
suitability ancestorAtpersonal.upToLevel-1.visit
ed 100
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Strategy for Global user
1. concept.level lt personal.upToLevel gt
suitability personal.numberConceptsLevelconcept.l
evel-1 personal.numberConceptsVisitedLevelconc
ept.level-1 (previousSibling )
(previousSibling.visited gt75) 2. concept.level gt
personal.upToLevel gt suitability personal.numberC
onceptsLevelpersonal.upToLevel-1
personal.numberConceptsVisitedLevelpersonal.upToL
evel-1
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Monitoring Strategy Preference forBreadth-first
versus Depth-first order
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.traceBFvsDF ampamp
concept.level personal.level ampamp
personal.level ! 0lt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"level"gt
ltUMvariablegtpersonal.GL
vsANlt/UMvariablegt ltexpressiongtpersonal.GLvsAN5lt/e
xpressiongt lt/actiongt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.traceBFvsDF ampamp
concept.level gt personal.level ampamp
personal.level ! 0lt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"level"gt ltUMvariablegt
personal.GLvsANlt/UMvariablegt ltexpressiongtpersonal.
GLvsAN-5lt/expressiongt lt/actiongt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
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Contents

• Learning styles
• AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
• Describing Strategies in AHA!
• Application of Learning Styles in AHA!
• Assignment

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Author Information
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Inferring preferences text vs. image
Presentation for Imager
Presentation for Vervalizer
UM personal.VERBvsIM-5
UM personal.VERBvsIM5
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Presentation for
Activist
Reflector
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Presentation for Global vs Analytic User
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Contents

• Learning styles
• AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
• Describing Strategies in AHA!
• Application of Learning Styles in AHA!
• Assignment

60
Assignment short description

• You will have to perform some authoring tasks
  with the AHA! graph author, mainly involving the
  application of learning styles.
• Then you will be asked to view the results in the
  AHA! delivery engine.
• Finally, you will answer some questions about
  your experience.
• Download tasks questionnaire from
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/nstach/PhDThesis/Assignme
  nt/
• Please return the completed file (questions
  tables) to a.i.cristea_at_tue.nl by 9-02-2005!