Traumatic Brain Injury

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Traumatic Brain Injury
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Definitions

• Brain Injury
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Acquired Brain Injury
• Head Injury
• Open Head Injury
• Closed Head Injury

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Causes Population Characteristics

• Young, male
• MVA, Falls, Sports, Assaults, Other

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Anatomy Physiology
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Mechanisms of Brain Injury

• Coup-Contrecoup
• Rotational Forces
• Shearing/Diffuse Axonal Injury
• Hematoma
• Increased Intracranial Pressure
• Anoxia
• Seizures

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Glasgow Coma Scale

• Eye Opening
• Best Verbal Response
• Best Motor Response

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Coma and Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA)
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Physical Problems

• Headaches
• Seizures
• Decreased Muscle Strength Coordination
• Spasticity
• Contractures
• Balance

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Physical Problems Continued

• Vision, Speech, Hearing, Smell, Taste Impairments
• Sleep Impairment Fatigue

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Cognitive Impairments

• Memory
• Initiation
• Overstimulation
• Perceptual Dysfunction
• Processing Deficits
• Attention Concentration
• Communication Deficits
• Comprehension

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Cognitive Impairments Continued

• Planning Problem Solving
• Organization Sequencing
• Impulsivity
• Judgement

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Behavior Disorders

• Low frustration Tolerance
• Emotional Lability
• Agitation
• Aggression
• Self-centeredness
• Difficulty in interpersonal interactions
• Anosagnosia
• Depression

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Behavior Disorders Continued

• Substance Abuse
• Hypersexuality Hyposexuality

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Rancho Los Amigos Levels

• Level 1 - No response
• Level 2 - Generalized Response
• Level 3 - Localized Response
• Level 4 - Confused and Agitated
• Level 5 - Confused, inappropriate but not
  agitated
• Level 6 - Confused but appropriate
• Level 7 - Automatic, appropriate
• Level 8 - Purposeful and Appropriate

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Rehabilitation

• Case Manager
• Physiatrist
• Rehabilitation Nurse
• Psychologist/Neuropsychologist
• Physical Therapist
• Occupational Therapist
• Speech Therapist
• Recreation Therapist

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Rehabilitation Continued

• Rehabilitation Counselor
• Others e.g. Nutritionist, Neuro- ophthalmologist,
  etc.

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Brain Injury Association, Inc.

• biausa.org