Geography 102 Cultural Geography Bldg. 5 Rm. 125

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Geography 102 Cultural GeographyBldg. 5 Rm. 125

• Instructor Dr. Reibel
• Office hours MW 100-200, W 600-700
• E-mail mreibel_at_csupomona.edu
• Office phone [phone]

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What Is Geography?

• The location of natural features and human
  activities, AND
• The patterns of location
• Changes in the location patterns
• Explanation of location patterns
• Explanation of location trends

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Branches of Geography

• Human Geography
• Population Geography
• Economic Geography
• Urban Geography
• Cultural Geography
• Medical Geography
• Political Geography

• Physical Geography
• Geomorphology
• Bio Geography
• Climatology
• Ocean Geography

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Location Coordinates

• Based on the geometry of angles spheres
• Any point on earth defined by two angles
• angle of elevation (north or south of equator)
• angle of longitude with respect to prime meridian

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Location Coordinates (2)

• The equator is a true origin circle dividing the
  earth in half north and south, BUT
• The Prime Meridian is an arbitrarily chosen half
  circle dividing the earth east and west
• WHY is one real and the other arbitrary?

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The International Date Line

• Is a half circle arc directly opposite the prime
  meridian on the other side of earth
• Makes a few wiggles to accommodate land and
  political boundaries
• Makes it possible to have global dating by
  resetting the 24 hour time zone clock

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What Is Scale?

• Scale is the size of the area to be studied or
  displayed
• In maps, scale is the degree of
  miniaturization of features on a map

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What Is Scale (2)?

• Scale is the ratio of the size of a feature on a
  map to the actual size of that feature in the
  world
• example USGS Quadrangles in 130,000
  and 160,000

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World Population

• Over 6 billion
• Almost all the worlds population increase is
  occurring in Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

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Population Regions

• Five regions contain most of earth's population
  East Asia, South Asia, SE Asia, Western Europe,
  Northeast U.S.
• Characteristics of densely populated regions
  close to oceans, low-lying, fertile soil,
  (mostly) temperate clime

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Density and Geographic Scale

• Density is dependent on scale
• WHY? geographic areas of any size (scale) have
  variations in density within them
• The density for that area unit is like an average
  smoothing out internal differences

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Population Increase

• Three revolutions caused rapid population
  increase
• Agricultural, Industrial, Public Health
• industrialization of agriculture led to higher
  yields of food

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Measuring Population Change 1

• A rate is a measure that permits comparison of
  relative changes
• How many miles traveled doesnt tell how fast
  youre going, MPH does
• Rates of population change are scaled by
  population size

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Measuring Population Change 2

• Crude birth rate (CBR) Number of births
  relative to (divided by) population
• Crude death rate (CDR) Number of deaths relative
  to (divided by) population
• Rate of Natural Increase
• (Births-Deaths)/Population

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Measuring Fertility

• Crude Fertility Rate Births divided by all
  women of child bearing years
• Infant Mortality Rate Death rate of infants
• Total Fertility Rate Estimate of lifetime total
  number of children woman will have in their life

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Life Expectancy

• Estimated average lifespan
•  Life expectancy is different at different ages
• Life expectancy also depends on population
  characteristics

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Demographic Transition Model

• Stages
• 1 Small populations, low growth, high turnover
• 2 High grow, death rates drop
• 3 Moderate grow, birth rates drop,
• eventually as low as death rates
• 4 High population, low growth, low turnover

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Overpopulation

• How much population is too much?
• Overpopulation is relative to available resources
  and environmental impacts
• Issues of overpopulation are highly dependent
  upon scale. The earth as a whole is not
  overpopulated, but parts are

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Population Policy

• If a population grows faster than its economy
  people become poorer
• Many governments therefore try to reduce rapid
  rates of natural increase
• Strategy for lowering fertility Contraception
• Strategy or lowering fertility Educate females

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Migration

• A permanent move to a new location
• Measured as flows and streams
• Migration flows (in / out) Total number of in
  or out migrants to/from a place
• Net migrationin mig. out mig
• Directional streams one way exchanges between
  paired origins and destinations

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? Why Do People Migrate?

• Cost of migration must be overcome
• Costs are mainly psychic separation from
  friends, family and familiar environment
• Push factors Cause migrants to leave origin
• Pull factors Determine destination choice

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Involuntary Migration

• Historically Slaves
• Now Inmates, refugees
• Definition of refugee status a tricky issue

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Migration to the U.S.

• U.S. mostly immigrants and descendants
• Largest group in U.S. history Europeans.
  Colonial migration mainly British, Irish
• Immigrant origins have changed over time

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Post-colonial U.S.Immigration

• 1st peak 1840s-50s. Mainly German, Irish
• 2nd peak 1870s-80s. More Germans and Irish,
  plus Scandinavians
• 3rd peak 1895-1914. South East Europe
• 4th peak 1970s-80s. Latin America, East/SE Asia.

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Post-colonial U.S.Immigration 2
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Assimilation

• The process by which immigrants and there
  descendants adapt to life in a new country
• Old model The melting pot lose old habits,
  traditions to become American
• New model the salad bowl keep cultures of
  origins, add American culture

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Anti-Immigrant Backlash

• Accompanied (and followed) all large waves of
  immigration in U.S. history
• Was far worse in the 1920s than after recent
  fourth wave migration to U.S.
• Declines as immigrants assimilate

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Objections to Immigration (not necessarily
accurate)

• Immigrants take jobs
• Immigrants dont pay taxes
• Immigrants cost more in services than they
  generate in tax revenue
• Immigrants arent interested in learning English
  and becoming American

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Economic Geography - Intro

• What geographic features are shaped by economics?
• Settlement patterns
• Land use patterns
• The built environment

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Agriculture - Intro

• Agriculture is the most important economic
  activity in the world. Why?
• It grows food, which still can't be synthesized
• More than half the world's people are farmers
•  
• Agriculture shapes more landscapes than any other
  human activity.

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Types of Agriculture 1

• Agriculture is either subsistence or commercial  
• Subsistence agriculture farm products not sold
  but consumed locally mainly by farmers extended
  families.
• Dominates agriculture in LDCs

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Commercial Agriculture

• Mainly found in MDCs except plantations
• Crops are sold in the market
• Capital and technology intensive land,
  machinery, chemicals required

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Types of Subsistence Agriculture

• shifting cultivation
• pastoral nomadism
• intensive subsistence cultivation

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Types of Commercial Agriculture

• Crop and Livestock
• Dairy
• Specialized Grain
• Ranching
• Plantation

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California Agriculture

• Unique in the world
• Intensive variation of Mediterranean agriculture
  - hot dry summers, sea breezes
• Horticulture (fruits, vegetables, nuts, grapes) 
• highly specialized and localized
• Lots of irrigation, fertilizer, huge scales

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Manufacturing

• Creating goods out of materials or other goods
• Craft manufacturing Each worker performs every
  task
• Industrial manufacturing tasks broken down,
  performed separately by teams of workers

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The Industrial Revolution

• The large scale application of industrial
  operations (division of labor)
• Large scales of operation are capital intensive
  -gt industrial revolution is sponsored by
  capitalist investors

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Capitalism

• An economic system where money is invested in
  enterprise (companies) with the long term
  expectation of profit
• Requires free markets and private ownership of
  property, but these can also exist without
  corporate enterprise

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Industrial Diffusion

• Industrial revolution began in Britain gradually,
  beginning mid 1700s
• Spread to Rhine valley by 1800
• Began in U.S. early 1800s
• Eastern, Southern Europe Japan 1900
• Rest of the world Since WWII

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Industrial Diffusion in the U.S.

• Began New England early 1800s (textiles, leather,
  food processing)
• Spread to mid Atlantic states, 1820s-40s
  (beginnings of US metal industry)
• Grew rapidly in lower Great Lakes, 1870s to early
  1890s (steel, machines)
• Spread west and south gradually

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Types of Economic Services

• Personal Services
• Retail Services
• Business Services
• Transportation Services
• Communication Services
• Public Services

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Geography of Services

• Range (How far will you go for it)?
• Threshold (How many consumers are needed to
  support the location?)
• The size of the market (number of potential
  customers who are within range) must exceed the
  threshold
• Locate to maximize market size within range

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What is Development?

• Ongoing transformation from village based regions
  dependant on subsistence agriculture to advanced
  economies
• Typically begins w/ rapid industrialization,
  proceeds to services as economy matures
• Increasing complexity of daily life (more life
  options, geographic econ. mobility)
• More capital intensive landscapes

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What Powers Development?

• Typically 80 of initial investment is local
  capital (strategic investment by local elites)
• Initial industrialization followed by growth of
• Retail, construction, transport/communications
• (Later) public sector, business services
• (Gradually) mass consumer markets

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Economic Measures of Development

• Change in sectoral composition
• Production levels (GDP)
• Worker productivity
• Income levels/income distribution
• Purchasing power parity
• Levels of material consumption

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Sectoral Change and Development

• Primary Extract raw materials. Dominates
  pre-industrial production
• Secondary Add value to materials or goods.
  Fastest growth during early industrialization
• Service sectors become fastest growing sectors
  as developed economies mature

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Non-Economic Measures of Development

• Education/literacy (especially women)
• Nutrition
• Health (services, life expectancy)
• Social welfare services
• Demographic profile
• Capital intensivity of built environment

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Spatially Uneven Development

• Huge differences in development levels
• Spatially uneven development exists at every
  scaleglobal regions to neighborhoods
• To some extent, development levels are path
  dependent Those regions that develop first tend
  to stay ahead

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Legacy of Colonialism

• Captive markets rulers set prices -gt
• Buy labor and raw materials cheap
• Sell manufactured goods at high prices
• No manufacture in colonies, no imports of
  industrial products from competing MDCs
• Path dependency former colonies have trouble
  catching up even after independence

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The Challenge of Development

• Mobilize sufficient investment
• Ensure benefits of development are broadly
  distributed -gt helps economy mature faster
• Strategize to develop competitive advantages
  other than cheap labor
• Avoid excessive debt and IMF austerity

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Settlements and Urbanization

• Settlement A permanently inhabited set of
  buildings and inhabitants
• Settlements are places to work and to obtain
  goods and services
• Settlements are storage places and centers for
  distributing economic, technical and cultural
  wealth

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Why are settlements established?

• Defense
• Religious/ceremonial centers
• Economic
• Storage of agricultural surpluses
• Efficient organization of labor
• (small-scale craft manufacturing trade)

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Urban Hierarchies 1

• Beginning with the rise of agriculture, growing
  societies get larger settlements
• First, market towns that are focal points for an
  agricultural region and its villages
• Eventually cities that control and serve larger
  regions, composed of towns and their hinterlands

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Urban Hierarchies 2

• Eventually, in modern times, some cities emerge
  as national capitals and even international
  centers
• The urban hierarchy is thus a system of cities at
  various levels and sizes, from local to global

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Industrialization and Urbanization

• Better (industrial) agricultural techniques gt
  less need for rural manpower
• Extra rural population moves to city where it is
  available for cheap labor
• Mass production of goods most efficient in larger
  cities (labor, local markets, transport)
• Larger surpluses and increasing economic
  complexity make larger cities efficient

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Central Business Districts (CBDs)

• Traditional Downtowns
• Dense, compact centers of activity
• Contain government offices, financial markets,
  banks and corporate offices, museums and
  performance centers
• Business and professional services are
  concentrated in the CBD

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Central Business Districts 2

• Why CBDs? Business and professional services
  depend on face-to-face contact with clients,
  colleagues, and other related services
• Examples advertising, finance, journalism, law
• CBDs support a strong transport network, which
  makes them more accessible.
• Consequences high land cost, high density,
  skyscrapers (intensive land use)

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Suburbs

• Most people in developed nations prefer suburbs
  to urban or rural locations. Why?  
• Safer and healthier for children
• Lower density more privacy, lower stress (easy
  parking for example)
• In 1950 U.S. pop was 20 suburban
• Today over 60 suburban.

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Consequences of Suburbs

• Mass suburbanization flattens density gradient
  central areas lose population, suburbs spread,
  commuting increases
• Sprawl developers seek cheap land at the urban
  fringe to build low-density suburbs convert
  good farm, wild lands

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Urban Morphology

• Pedestrian city high densities, compact
• Streetcar city about 100 years ago, early
  bedroom communities more extensive development,
  along rail lines
• Examples Pasadena, Burbank, Boyle Heights

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The Automobile City

• Automobile dominant transport causes
  decentralization of urban form
• First Multi-nodal city
• Finally, total decentralization service
  nodes/office nodes only, no other notable
  commercial centers

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Problems of Aging Cities

• Dilapidated housing (failure to invest in
  maintenance)
• Insufficient commercial investment
• Social problems (crime, drugs)
• Financial problems shrinking tax base
• Racial and ethnic segregation

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Culture

• Culture is rules for living including unwritten
  rules (norms)
• Culture is also a sense of belonging
• There are human universals, BUT
• Things are done very differently in different
  places due to tradition

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What is Determined by Culture?

• Culture is the "rules of the game" of life
• Patterns of dress
• Food preferences
• Design of dwellings
• Rules for interacting with others
• Rules and institutions of education, government,
  commerce, work and law
• Etc.

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Cultural Traits and Complexes

• Individual aspects of culture, such as whether
  women can wear shorts or shellfish are o.k. to
  eat, are called cultural traits
• The combination of cultural traits found in a
  particular location, or among a group of people,
  is a cultural complex

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Language

• 5,000-6,000 languages in the world, many with
  only a few dozen speakers
• Languages classified by degree of similarity
• Levels families, subfamilies, groups

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Standard Languages Dialects

• Dialects regional variations of a language
• When does a dialect "graduate" to become a new
  standard language?
• Linguistic criterion mutual intelligibility
• Dialects often become languages for political
  reasons

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How Languages Evolve

• Change over time and space
• Random mutation in usage, pronunciation
• Isolation increases, compounds differences
• Languages break down into different dialects
• In time dialects become mutually unintelligible

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Early Origins of English

• Germanic dialects from the east coast of the
  north sea. Similar to modern Dutch
• Angles, Saxons invaded England 410 A.D.
• Vikings North German speakers from Scandinavia
  invaded England 700s-900s

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Evolving English

• Mixing of Vikings with Anglo-Saxons led to
  pidginization
• Pidgin languages lose word endings, noun genders
  have simple grammar, flexible syntax
• Normans imposed French as language of rule
• No written English during this period

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Modern English

• French-enriched Middle English replaces French in
  higher class speech and in writing by about 1300
• Modern English evolved from the dialect of middle
  English spoken in London by mid-16th century

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Global English

• In 1600 about 7 million English speakers
• In 2000 English is first truly global language
• Approximately 400 million native speakers
• 400 million speak English as 2nd language
• 400 million speak English as foreign language
• gt 40 countries use English as official language

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Religion

• A set of beliefs which explains the unknowable
• A set of rituals (sacred behavior for sacred
  times and places)
• Prescriptions governing daily behavior

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Religion as Cultural Complex

• Typical types of religious traits
• Food rules and taboos
• Sacred time holidays, daily rituals, etc.
• Sacred myth Creation stories etc.
• Dogma Rules about what to believe
• Religious rules of family life, commerce

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Early Religious Life

• Varieties of tribal/traditional religion
• Animist everything in the world has a spirit
• Shamans spiritual leader, healer, visionary
  channels group spiritual energy
• Sorcery harness spirits to work ones will
  (cast spells)

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Conceptions of God

• Non-Theistic The sacred not personified
• Polytheistic The sacred has many personalities,
  usually with names
• Monotheistic The sacred is a single supreme
  being

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Race

• A way of classifying people in a society
• Based on unscientific ideas about origins
• Inaccurately associated with physical traits

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Are Races Real?

• Yes, but their reality is social not biological
• Loose biological connection but not always
• Far more genetic variation within racial groups
  than between groups

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The Social Construction of Race

• Which biological facts get emphasized?
• Constructions of race vary regionally
• E. Indians black in England, not in U.S.
• One drop rule vs. Creole systems

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Ethnicity

• Subdivisions of the human family
• Modern version of tribes
• Can be based on
• Race
• Shared migration history
• Political or religious divisions
• Language

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National Ethnicity

• Comes from shared sense of destiny
• Eventually becomes a new dominant ethnicity
• Egypt
• France
• Mexico

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Latino Ethnicity

• Origin or family history in Latin America
• Spanish language, other shared traits
• Very diverse racially, nationally, economically

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Anglo Ethnicity

• Competition among Anglo groups
• Neighborhood turf claimed by Anglo groups,
  especially older
• Anglo ethnicity less emphasized in So. Cal.