Delivering

1

• Delivering
• Your
• Speech
• Steven A. Beebe Susan J. Beebe

2
Speech vs. Talking
3
The Power of Speech Delivery

• Delivery is important.
• Not just what is said, but how it is said.
• Nonverbal Communication communication other
  than written or spoken that creates meaning.

4
The Power of Speech Delivery

• 65 of a messages meaning is based on
  nonverbals.
• Speakers can lose credibility if delivery
  disappoints listeners (Nonverbal Expectancy
  Theory).
• Emotions can spread to listeners (Emotional
  Contagion).
• When nonverbals and verbals contradict,
  listeners believe nonverbals more.

5
The Jabberwock (Lewis Carroll Through the
Looking Glass)   'Twas brillig, and the slithy
tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabeAll mimsy
were the borogoves,And the mome raths
outgrabe."Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The
jaws that bite, the claws that catch!Beware the
Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious
Bandersnatch!"He took his vorpal sword in
handLong time the manxome foe he soughtSo
rested he by the Tumtum tree,And stood awhile in
thought.
6
And as in uffish thought he stood,The
Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,Came whiffling
through the tulgey wood,And burbled as it
came!One, two! One, two! and through and
throughThe vorpal blade went snicker-snack!He
left it dead, and with its headHe went
galumphing back."And hast thou slain the
Jabberwock?Come to my arms, my beamish boy!O
frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"He chortled in
his joy.'Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid
gyre and gimble in the wabeAll mimsy were the
borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.
7
The Power of Speech Delivery

• Delivery is important.
• Not just what is said, but how it is said.
• Nonverbal Communication communication other
  than written or spoken that creates meaning.

8
Methods of Delivery
9
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Good eye contact.
• Effective gestures.
• Good movements.
• Structured posture.
• Strong facial expression.
• Effective vocal delivery.
• Appropriate physical appearance.

10
(No Transcript)
11
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Good eye contact
• Is established with entire audience.
• Connects with people for 2 3 seconds or
  more.
• Does not look above heads.
• Varies naturally (not mechanically).

12
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective gestures
• Use of hands to emphasize key ideas.
• Functions of gestures
• Repeat illustrate
• Contradict oppose
• Substitute replace
• Complement enhance
• Emphasize accentuate
• Regulate control

13
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective gestures
• Are natural.
• Are definite have a purpose.
• Are consistent with your words.
• Do not call attention to themselves.
• Are appropriate to the audience and occasion.

14
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective movement should
• Be controlled.
• Be made with a purpose.
• Create closeness with the audience.
• Highlight transitions.
• Not be overdone.

15
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective posture
• Can enhance credibility.
• Can intensify emotions.
• Is adjusted to the occasion
• Informal (more relaxed).
• Formal (more professional).
• Means to stand up straight.
• Dont slump or slouch.

16
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective facial expression
• Should reflect the mood of the speech.
• Should reflect the purpose also.
• Should be sincere.
• Remember Listeners see face before hearing words.

17
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Adequate volume.
• Clear articulation.
• Non-distracting dialect.
• Solid pronunciation.
• Display vocal variety.

18
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Adequate volume
• Loud enough to create desired effect, while also
• allowing people to hear message.

19
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Clear articulation (enunciation) producing clear
  sounds of each syllable word.

20
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Dialect pronunciation related to an ethnic group
  or geographical region.
• Note dialects generally okay, as long as content
  is not distracting.

21
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Pronunciation use of sounds to form words
  clearly and accurately.
• Note work to prolong sounds that can get
  mispronounced.

22
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Vocal variety diverse qualities of voice.
• Pitch highness lowness of voice.
• Inflections changes in pitch.
• Rate how fast or slow you speak.
• Pauses use of silence.
• Avoid vocalized pauses (uh, um, er).
• Vary pitch, inflections, rate and pauses.

23
Characteristics ofEffective Speech Delivery

• Effective vocal delivery
• Personal Appearance.
• Appropriate wardrobe depends on
• Climate.
• Custom.
• Culture.
• Audience.
• Do not violate audience expectations for your
  appearance.

24
Audience Diversity and Delivery

• Adapt verbals nonverbals for
• culturally diverse audiences.
• Avoid ethnocentrism.
• Use less dramatic style for
• high-context listeners.
• Consult speakers who have
• spoken to your audience.
• Monitor your immediacy
• emotional expression.
• Make sure verbals nonverbals
• do not offend listeners.

25
Rehearsing Your SpeechSome Final Tips

• Finish speaking outline at least
• two days before speech.
• Rehearse out loud.
• Time your speech.
• Prepare speaking notes.
• Rehearse while standing.
• Present to others, to develop eye contact.
• Tape-record or videotape rehearsals.
• Rehearse with visual aids.
• Recreate actual speaking situation.

26
Delivering Your Speech

• Sleep well the night before.
• Be familiar with your introduction
  conclusion.
• Act calm to feel calm.
• Arrive early.
• Visualize being
• successful with
• your audience.

27
Adapting Your Speech Deliveryfor Television

• Consider toning down gestures.
• Dress for success.
• Avoid white, black dark gray.
• Solid colors are best.
• Watch facial expressions.
• Remember target audience.
• Keep speech short.
• Choose words with care style.
• Be familiar with microphones technology.

28
Responding to Questions

• Delivery becomes impromptu.
• Anticipate questions.
• Repeat or rephrase
• question.
• Make sure answers
• focus on speech.
• Respond to entire audience.
• Begin Q A session by asking
• yourself a tough question.
• Listen nonjudgmentally to question(s).

29
Responding to Questions

• Neutralize hostile questions.
• Dress for success.
• Restate question.
• Acknowledge emotions.
• Dont make it personal.
• Get to heart of issue.
• Admit when you dont know answer.
• Make answers short and to the point.
• Use signposts (first, second).
• Notify when Q A is going to end.

30
Pause
31

• Everyone
• Persuades

32
Speeches to Persuade

• To influence listeners
• points of view or behavior.
• Speaker asks audience to
• make a choice, not simply
• to inform the audience.
• Speaker not only
• educates, but advocates.

33
Persuasion Defined

• Process of changing or reinforcing attitudes,
  beliefs, values or behaviors.
• Attitudes likes or dislikes.
• Beliefs what is regarded as true or false.
• Values enduring ideas of what is right/wrong,
  good/bad.
• Attitudes most likely to change.
• Values least likely to change.
• Behaviors actions displayed.

34
Values
Beliefs
Attitudes
35
How Persuasion Works

• The Classical Rhetoric Approach.
• The Contemporary ELM Approach.

36
How Persuasion Works

• The Classical Rhetoric Approach
• Rhetoric discovering ways to persuade.
• Three methods of persuasion
• Ethos - creating audience trust believability
  through ethics, character concern for the
  audience.
• Logos - rational logical arguments, through
  sound evidence.
• Pathos - emotions that may involve stories,
  pictures and music.
• Ethos, logos pathos motivate people.

37
How Persuasion Works

• The Contemporary ELM Approach
• Elaboration Likelihood Model.
• Explains how people interpret persuasive
  messages.
• People focus (elaborate) on information given.
• Process information directly (logos).
• Process indirectly (ethos or pathos).

38
How to Motivate Listeners

• Dissonance.
• Listener Needs.
• Positive Motivation.
• Negative Motivation.

39
How to Motivate Listeners

• Use Dissonance
• People seek consistency balance.
• When unhappy, people change attitudes,
• beliefs, values or behaviors.
• Cognitive Dissonance mental discomfort
• that prompts people to change when new
• information conflicts with previously
• established thoughts.
• Speakers need to be ethical when choosing
  messages that create dissonance.

40
How to Motivate Listeners

• How Listeners Cope with Dissonance
• Discredit the source of information.
• Refocus on parts of message not creating
  dissonance.
• Seek new information to prove speakers ideas
  wrong.
• Stop listening tune out.
• Change attitudes, beliefs, values or actions to
  reduce dissonance.

41
How to Motivate Listeners

• Use Listener Needs
• People change attitudes, beliefs, values or
  actions to restore needs.
• Maslow humans are motivated by a variety of
  needs.
• Persuasion occurs when listener become convinced
  that change will satisfy their needs.

42
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
goal of reaching full potential the best
brightest
Self-esteem
a positive self image, and to have personal
satisfaction
Social
contact, and feeling loved valued
Safety
a positive self image, and to have personal
satisfaction.
Physiological
comfort, sustenance survival
43
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• Physiological comfort, sustenance survival.
• Safety security protection.
• Social contact, and feeling loved valued.
• Self-esteem a positive self image, and to have
  personal satisfaction.
• Self-actualization goal of reaching full
  potential the best brightest.

44

• Positive Motivation
• Good things will happen if listeners follow
  speakers advice.
• Emphasize that positive values will be maintained
  or restored.
• Emphasize benefits features.
• Benefit a good result appealing to emotions.
• Feature rational cognitive explanation appealing
  to logic.

45

• Negative Motivation
• Bad things will happen if speakers advice is not
  followed.
• Fear appeals are common.
• Threats to loved ones work better.
• Fear appeals work better when speaker credibility
  is higher.
• As fear appeals intensify, so do chances of
  success.

46
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Consider audience.
• Select narrow your persuasive topic.
• Determine your persuasive purpose.
• Develop your central idea main ideas.

47
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Select narrow your persuasive topic
• Do you sincerely feel
• strongly about it?
• Does it appeal to
• listeners
• passions?
• Is it an important
• topic?

48
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Consider audience
• Will they not react favorably to emotional
  appeals?
• Could they reject logic?
• Might they be threatened by fear appeals?
• Note any cultural differences between you
  your audience.
• Do not fabricate information.

49
Determine yourPersuasive Purpose

• Set a reasonable goal.
• Do not expect drastic changes.
• Social Judgment Theory
• Listeners in latitude of acceptance more likely
  to be convinced.
• Listeners in latitude of rejection or
  non-commitment may not be convinced.

50
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Develop your central idea main ideas
• State central idea as a proposition
• (statement seeking audience agreement)
• Fact States something is true or false or it
  did or did not happen.
• Value Judges something (good or bad, right or
  wrong, etc.).
• Policy Advocates change in law, procedure or
  behavior.
• Main ideas should support your proposition.

51
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Proposition of Fact

52
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Proposition of Value

53
How to DevelopYour Persuasive Speech

• Proposition of Policy

54
Putting Persuasive Principlesinto Practice

• Learn about listeners attitudes, beliefs
  values.
• Create messages that help listeners avoid
  dissonance.
• Shown listeners how plan solves a problem or
  satisfies needs.
• Manage fear appeals dont go overboard, and show
  how the threat can be controlled.

55
A Sample Persuasive Speech

• Watch the video, and ask yourself
• 1. Is this speech addressing a proposition of
  fact, value or policy?
• 2. How does the speaker try to point out
  cognitive dissonance in the listeners?
• 3. Which of Maslows needs are addressed?
• 4. What type of organizational pattern does the
  speaker use?
• 5. Does the speaker ask for changes in attitudes?
  Beliefs? Values? Behaviors?
• 6. What types of sources does the speaker use to
  substantiate claims?

56
A Sample Persuasive Speech
57
A Sample Persuasive Speech

• Watch the video, and ask yourself
• 1. Is this speech addressing a proposition of
  fact, value or policy?
• 2. How does the speaker try to point out
  cognitive dissonance in the listeners?
• 3. Which of Maslows needs are addressed?
• 4. What type of organizational pattern does the
  speaker use?
• 5. Does the speaker ask for changes in attitudes?
  Beliefs? Values? Behaviors?
• 6. What types of sources does the speaker use to
  substantiate claims?

58

• A Question of
• Ethics. . .

59
Persuasion

• is the process of adjusting ideas to people and
  people to ideas.
• - Donald C. Bryant,
• rhetoric scholar

60
Establishing Credibility

• Also known as ethos.
• Audiences perceptions of the speaker.
• Various dimensions
• Competence- knowledge skill.
• Trustworthiness- believability honesty.
• Dynamism- energy level.
• Charisma- charm, talent magnetism.

61
Enhancing Your Credibility

• Credibility established in three places
• Initial credibility perceptions before speech.
• Derived credibility impressions formed during
  speech.
• Terminal credibility final impressions, after
  speech.
• Ways to boost credibility
• Well-stressed values and concerns shared with
  audience.
• Well-documented evidence.
• Well-organized ideas.
• Well-managed delivery.

62
Using Logicand Evidence to Persuade

• Aristotle always prove what you state.
• Logos formal system of rules to reach a
  conclusion.
• Reasoning drawing a conclusion from the evidence.

63
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Inductive Reasoning.
• Deductive Reasoning.
• Causal Reasoning.

64
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Inductive Reasoning
• Using specific examples or instances to reach a
  general or probable conclusion.
• Used when one can claim that an outcome is
  probably true because of specific evidence.

65
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Testing the Validity of Inductive Reasoning
• Are there enough specific instances to support
  the conclusion?
• Are the specific instances typical?
• Are the instances recent?

66
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Inductive Reasoning an example

67
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Reasoning by Analogy
• (a special type of inductive reasoning)
• Makes a comparison between two things, entities,
  processes, etc.
• If you conclude what is true for one can be true
  for the other, then the analog is strong.

68
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Testing the Validity of
• Reasoning by Analogy
• Are similarities between both, greater than
  differences?
• Is the conclusion being drawn actually true?

69
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Deductive Reasoning
• Opposite of induction.
• Conclusion (generalization) is more certain than
  probable.
• The more valid or truthful the outcome, the more
  certain the conclusion.
• Start with widely accepted general claim, and
  then move towards specific conclusion
  illustrating general claim.

70
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Structure of Deductive Reasoning
• Syllogism three-part argument
• Major Premise widely accepted general statement.
• Minor Premise specific statement that applies to
  the major premise.
• Conclusion logical outcome, minor premise
  exemplifies major premise.
• The more valid the major premise, the more valid
  the deduction.

71
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Testing the Validity of
• Deductive Reasoning
• Is major premise (general statement) true?
• Is minor premise (specific instance) true?

72
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Deductive Reasoning an example

73
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Causal Reasoning
• Relating events to show connection.
• To conclude that one or more events caused
  another event.
• Can move from cause to effect.
• Can move from effect to cause.

74
Understanding Typesof Reasoning

• Causal Reasoning an example

75
Persuading the Diverse Audience

• Effectiveness depends on listeners
• background and cultural expectations.
• Some cultures prefer deduction other
• cultures prefer induction.
• Use evidence that audience will
• see as valid and reliable.
• Use appropriate appeals to action,
• based on cultural norms.
• Use messages appropriate for audience.
• Use delivery that listeners find appropriate.

76
Supporting Your Reasoningwith Evidence

• Use facts.
• Use valid true examples.
• Use opinions that enhance credibility.
• Use sound reliable statistics.
• Use reluctant testimony shows that someone has
  been convinced.
• Use new specific evidence.
• Use evidence to tell a story.

77
Avoid Faulty Reasoning

• Be ethical appropriate with evidence
  reasoning.
• Fallacy false reasoning when someone attempts to
  persuade without adequate evidence, or with
  arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate.

78
Avoid Faulty Reasoning

• Reasoning Fallacies

79
Avoid Faulty Reasoning

• Reasoning Fallacies

80
Using Emotion to Persuade

• Can make people feel pleasure or displeasure.
• Can make people feel more aroused.
• Can make people feel dominance.

81
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade

• Use details that help listeners visualize.
• Use emotion-arousing words (freedom, 9-11,
  mommy.)
• Delivery should reflect emotions.
• Use pictures or images.

82
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade

• Use appropriate metaphors similes.
• Use right amount of fear appeals.
• Appeal to several emotions.
• Appeal to audience members myths.
• Myth not necessarily false, but a belief of how
  people view their world. (e.g., Old West
  pioneers strong adventurous)
• Avoid unethical emotional appeals appeals to
  listeners prejudices (demagoguery).

83
Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas

• Persuading the receptive audience.
• Identify with them.
• Clearly state your objectivity.
• Tell them exactly what you want them to do.
• Ask them for an immediate show of support.
• Use emotional appeals effectively.
• Make it easy for them to take action.

84
Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas

• Persuading the neutral audience.
• Capture their attention early.
• Stress commonly shared beliefs.
• Relate topic to them, their friends, families and
  loved ones.
• Be realistic with the response you want.

85
Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas

• Persuading the unreceptive audience.
• Wait before telling them your purpose.
• Start with noting areas of agreement.
• Set realistic goals.
• Acknowledge how they might oppose you.
• Clearly tell them any experiences you have.

86
Adapting Ideas to Peopleand People to Ideas

• Persuading the unreceptive audience.
• Consider understanding (not advocacy) as your
  goal.
• Summarize common misconceptions people have.
• State why misconceptions may seem reasonable.
• Dismiss misconceptions, and provide evidence to
  support your point.
• State accurate information you want them to
  remember.

87
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages

• State your strongest arguments first.
• Do not bury key arguments in the middle.
• Save action calls for the end.
• Consider presenting
• both sides of an issue.
• State and refute
• counterarguments.

88
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages

• Organizational Patterns
• Problem Solution.
• Refutation.
• Cause and Effect.
• Motivated Sequence.
• Attention.
• Need.
• Satisfaction.
• Visualization.
• Action.