Teaching, Learning, and Instructional Theories

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Teaching, Learning, and Instructional Theories
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• Teaching theory ways to teach, teacher based,
  often content based
• Learning theory explains how humans learn,
  learner based
• Instructional theory ways of facilitating human
  learning and development, learner and instruction
  based

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John B. CarrolModel of School Learning
Degree of learning f(time actually
spent/time needed) 1. Time allowed 2.
Perseverence 3. Aptitude 4. Quality of
instruction 5. Ability to understand the
instruction
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B.F. Skinner
Theories of Learning

• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment

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B.F. Skinner
Model of the Human Memory System
Lost
Lost
Lost
Sensory Register
Long- Term Register
Working(Short-Term)Memory
Input
Attention
Input
Rehearsal Meaningful Learning Organizing Elabora
ting Imagery
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Jean Piaget
Theories of Cognitive Development in Children

• Sensorimotor stage
• Preoperational stage
• Concrete stage
• Formal operation stage

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Piagets Basic Assumptions

• Active and motivated learners
• Knowledge becomes more integrated and organized
  over time
• Learn through processes of assimilation and
  accommodation
• Development depends on interaction with ones
  physical and social environment
• Processes of equilibration help to develop
  increasingly complex levels of thought
• Occurs only after certain genetically controlled
  neurological changes occur
• Occurs in four qualitatively different stages

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Jerome Bruner
Learning as Discovery

• Enactive stage
• Iconic stage
• Symbolic stage

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Bruners Six Benchmarks

• Respond to situations in varied ways, rather then
  always in the same way
• Internalize event into a storage system that
  corresponds to the environment
• Have increased capacity for language
• Can interact systematically with a tutor (parent,
  teacher, or other role model)
• Use language as an instrument for ordering the
  environment
• Have increasing capacity to deal with multiple
  demands

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Constructivism

• Focus on studentsability to solve real-life,
  practical problems
• Methods call for students to construct knowledge
  themselves
• Typically work in cooperative groups
• Tend to focus on projects that require solutions
  to problems
• Usually time-consuming
• Can be rich learning environments

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Domains of Learning

• Cognitive
• Affective
• Psychomotor

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Cognitive

• Knowledge
• Comprehension
• Application
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Evaluation

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Affective

• Receiving
• Responding
• Valuing
• Organization
• Characterization of a value complex

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Psychomotor

• Gross body movement
• Finely coordinated movements
• Nonverbal communication
• Speech behaviors

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Benjamin Bloom
Uniform Instruction per Learner
Aptitude
Achievement
Optimal Instruction per Learner
Aptitude
Achievement
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Rotters Locus of Control

• Based on Social Learning Theory
• Measured on a continuum

Internal External
Outcome is contingent upon No perceived
contingency his or her own behavior
between outcome and behavior Low
grade blame self blame teacher High
grade because you are smart because
teacher is excellent
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Left Brain Right Brain

• Logical
• Sequential
• Rational
• Analytical
• Objective
• Looks at parts

• Random
• Intuitive
• Holistic
• Synthesizing
• Subjective
• Looks at wholes

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Gagnes Events of Instruction

• Gain attention
• Inform the leaner of the objective
• Stimulate recall of prerequisite learning
• Present new material
• Provide learning guidance
• Elecite performance
• Provide feedback about correctness
• Assess performance
• Enhance retention and recall

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Gagnes Types of Learning

• Intellectual skills
• Problem solving
• Higher-order rules
• Defined concepts
• Concrete concepts
• Discrimination
• Cognitive strategies
• Verbal information
• Motor skills
• Attitudes