The American Revolution

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The American Revolution

• The Other Side of the Story
• By Sue Fitzgerald
• March, 2004

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Founding Fathers

Alexander Hamilton
Benjamin Franklin
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Founding Fathers

George Washington
James Madison
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Founding Fathers

Thomas Jefferson
Sam Adams
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Two Countries
Name the two countries that were born as a result
of the American Revolution. United States and
Canada

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American Revolution
Or first Civil War
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Who were Loyalists?

• Colonists who were
• 1/3 Patriots
• 1/3 Loyalists
• 1/3 Neutral

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Who were Loyalists?
Ordinary folks farmers, tradesmen, merchants,
and professionals of various ethnic origins, as
well as American Indians.
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Who were Loyalists?
Also called Tory (person who remained loyal to
England during the Revolutionary War) Quakers in
Pennsylvania Actively fought with the British
troops Some who didnt side with the Patriot
mobs
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Who were United Empire Loyalists?
The simple answer to this questions is that they
were the persons displaced by the War of the
American Revolution (1775-83) and there were
probably about one hundred thousand of them,
people who were forced to leave their former
places of residence in the Thirteen Colonies,
late in the 18th century, because they had become
"obnoxious" to their former neighbors.
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Who were United Empire Loyalists?
Colonists who were loyal to King George III
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United Empire Loyalists in my family include
Sergeant Joseph (Joost) Loucks Captain Johan
(John) Ernst Dafoe
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U.E.L. fought with the British
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Why a Loyalist?
Why would Joseph Loucks (Laux) and Johan Dafoe
become Loyalists? The answer may lie in European
history.
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Reformation

• Both families were French Huguenots
  (protestants) in France during the Reformation.

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The French Wars of Religion

• The French Wars of Religion
• 1562-1598
• It was a religious civil war in France that
  devastated a entire generation and completely
  destroyed entire villages.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 20,000 people
massacred in 3 days
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Thirty Years War
Reformation
The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 It was perhaps,
the first World War fought in Europe, for nearly
every state in Europe became involved in the war
in some way or another. The sheer amount of
casualties and human destruction made this war
the most disastrous war of European history
before the nineteenth century.

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Palatine Migration
Because of the Protestant beliefs, this area
became desirable to the French Huguenots living
close to the German border.
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Palatine Migration

• In 1709, Britain passed a naturalization act
  that allowed any foreigner who took oaths
  professing to be a Protestant and pledging
  allegiance to the British government would be
  immediately naturalized and have all privileges
  held by English-born citizens for the cost of a
  shilling.

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Palatine Migration

• Under Queen Anne's direction, land speculators
  who had obtained land patents in the colonies,
  sent agents to the Palatines with offers of forty
  acres of land, plus paid transportation to the
  colonies and maintenance.

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Palatine Migration

• The migration began in 1709 and an estimated
  14,000 Protestant Germans, Swiss, and French
  immigrants began the voyage to the colonies.

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Palatine Migration

• Many departed from London while others sailed
  from Rotterdam. Conditions on the ships were
  very poor food and water were spoiled and
  illness spread quickly. 1/3 did not survive the
  voyage to see the new colonies including members
  of both the Laux (Loucks) and Dafoe families.

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Life in the Colonies

• The Palatines felt deceived.
• They were promised 40 acres of land but also
  found themselves as indentured servants for 7
  years.
• They worked in the tar camps.

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Life in the Colonies
Map of New York circa early 1700s
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Loucks Settled in the Colonies

• The Loucks family left the tar camps and
  settled in Schoharie county after the camps
  failed.
• They illegally bought land from the American
  Indians.
• They squatted on the land for 10 years before
  resettling to Stone Arabia, New York legally.

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Life in Stone Arabia

• John D. Loucks with his wife, came from Illstein,
  Germany, in 1709, and settled on a tract of land
  comprising about 12,700 acres, later known as
  Stone Arabia, Tryon Co., NY.

Stone Arabia Dutch Reform Church
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Life in Stone Arabia

• The Loucks family had much acreage.
• They started and built churches.
• They were protected by the British in the French
  and Indian War.

Stone Arabia Church
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Life in Stone Arabia

• John D. Loucks son fought as a Patriot for the
  American Revolution while three of his grandsons
  were Loyalists.
• The American Revolution has been called the first
  Civil War.

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Life in as a Loyalist

• My ancestor, Sergeant Joost (Joseph) Loucks,
  fought for the Butlers Rangers.
• After the war he relocated with his family to
  Dundas County Ontario.

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Dafoes Settled in Hoosick, New York

• The Dafoe family left the tar camps and settled
  in Hoosick, New York.
• Johan Dafoe owned a farm and grist mill near the
  New York / Vermont border.
• Johan had a personal disliking of Ethan Allan and
  along with three sons he joined the Tories.

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Dafoes Settled in Hoosick, New York
Upper Canada
Hoosick, New York is near where the Battle of
Bennington was fought.
Stone Arabia
Hoosick
Schoharie
Tar Camps
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Johan Dafoes Fight

• Johan fought for the Tories.
• Johan was imprisoned in 1776 where he meet
  Benjamin Franklins son.
• Early 1777 Johan escaped and with three of his
  sons joined Col. Pfister at the Battle of
  Bennington where Johan and his son Abraham were
  captured and another son George was killed.

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Johan Dafoes Fight

• Johan was imprisoned again, but escaped to the
  British lines in the spring of 1778.
• He served as a courier and scout with Kings
  Rangers for the balance of the war
• Johan died at Sorel, Quebec in 1784 before he was
  granted land in Canada.

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Battle of Bennington
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Johan Dafoes Fight

• The Story of Johan Dafoe

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Life in Canada

• Both Dafoe and Loucks families had all their
  property in the colonies confiscated.
• The families relocated to present day Ontario
  known as Upper Canada.
• Johan Dafoe died at Sorel, Quebec in 1784 at a
  refugee camp before his family joined him in
  Canada.

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Life in Canada
Loyalist settlement in Upper Canada
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Refugee Camps
In Sorel, Quebec the refugee camps were rapid
with disease and little food. The death rate was
high.
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Refugee Camps
Each family was given a canvas tent, to be
returned once they had built a cabin, plus one
set of clothing for each man and boy over 10, and
cloth for the women, girls and small boys. Each
person was given shoe soles and one blanket, with
two small children sharing a blanket. Seed,
grain, an axe, and a shovel rounded out the
provisions.
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Refugee Camps
Once on their land the men helped each other to
build their cabins. These primitive dwellings
were no larger than 12 feet by 14 feet, with one
small window, and only a blanket to cover the
doorway. Furniture and utensils were made during
the evenings from available wood.
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Refugee Camps
Meals consisted mostly of cornbread, the dried
corn having been ground by hand in a burrowed out
log. When available fish, berries, and wild game
supplemented these meager provisions. Many
settlers perished in the cold winter, but those
who lived through it flourished on the
exceptionally fertile land.
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Persecution of the Loyalists

• It was at the hands of the mob that the Loyalists
  first suffered persecution.
• On 26 August 1765 Sam Adams organized the Sons of
  Liberty, a secret organization.

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Persecution of the Loyalists

• In New York, mobs were active in destroying
  printing presses which had printed Loyalist
  pamphlets, in stealing cattle and personal
  property.
• The Sons of Liberty planned and incited carnage
  against the Loyalists through the use of mobs and
  propaganda.

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Persecution of the Loyalists

• One of the favorite pastimes of the mob was to
  tar and feather "obnoxious Tories."
• Another form of torture inflicted on some of the
  Tories was to force them to ride the rail.

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Persecution of the Loyalists

• Some of the other acts of extreme cruelty
  included hoisting the Tories up a liberty pole
  with a dead animal on the pole forcing a Tory to
  ride an unsaddled horse with his face to the tail
  of the horse and his coat turned inside out
  sitting Tories on lumps of coal whipping,
  cropping ears, placing the enemy in the stockade.
  The mob could at times be moved by extremely
  reactionary impulses and cruel acts.

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Persecution of the Loyalists

• As Loyalists began leaving the Thirteen Colonies
  during the Revolutionary War, large sums of money
  from the sales of confiscated Tory properties
  began to find their way into state treasuries.

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Why a United Empire Loyalist?

• Personal reasons.
• Never thought the mob would win.
• Didn't want to loose their land they had worked
  so hard for.
• We may never know why.

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Where are the Dafoes and Loucks today?

• Both families continue to live in the United
  States and Canada. Many descendants have joined
  the United Empire Loyalist organization in honor
  of their ancestors. Family members gather
  together to share stories and information.

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The story may never end!

• The names, places, and facts are all true events.
  As time goes and information becomes available
  the story of the Loyalists will continue. This
  is dedicated to all the people of the American
  Revolution.
• Other Loyalist family names include Baker
  (Becker), Empey, Keller, Summers, Van Allen, and
  Weaver.
• Patriot family names include Jacob Stilley
  (killed at Fort MacIntosh near Beaver, PA by
  friendly fire) and Nahum Willson who served under
  Capt Hodges, Col Van Woert.

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Citation

• Music http//memory.loc.gov/
• Slide 2- http//memory.loc.gov/
• Slide 3 http//memory.loc.gov/
• Slide 4 http//memory.loc.gov/
• Slide 11 - www.mrsedivy.com/ america4.html
• Slide 16 - www.lepg.org/wars.htm
• Slide 18 - www.cnn.com/.../ map.germany.leipzig.jp
  g
• Slide 21 - www.ne.jp/asahi/mit/sweet-old-world/
  old-ship-1.jp
• Slide 24 - www.iaw.on.ca/awoolley/
  brang/brhist.html
• Slide 26 http//memory.loc.gov/
• Slide 27 http//memory.loc.gov/
• Slide 29 - www.lwmuseum.ca/ butlerranger.htm
• Slide 31 - www.iaw.on.ca/awoolley/
  brang/brhist.html
• Slide 34 picture 1 and 3 www.cr.nps.gov/.../
  107bennington.htm, picture 2 www.americanrevolutio
  n.com/ RevolutionaryWarBa...
• Slide 35 - http//www.rootsweb.com/vermont/Bennin
  gtonBattleLoyalists.html
• Slide 44 - www.mrsedivy.com/ america5.html
• Slide 51 - http//memory.loc.gov

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Wars continue.
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Curriculum StandardsGrades 9-12

• 10.2.2 Describe the political, economic, and
  cultural transformations of European society in
  an age of global intercommunication, 14501600
• 10.2.7 analyze the causes and consequences of
  political revolutions between 1650 and 1850