The Reformation

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Comunicación y Gerencia

• The Reformation

The Protestant Reformation
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Causes of the Reformation

• Social and Political Factors
• European decentralization, rise of nation-states
• Breakdown of medieval centralization under Pope
• Breakdown of society because of Black Death,
  Hundred Years' War, etc.
• Renaissance Interest in humanism and rediscovery
  of ancient culture

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Causes of the Reformation

• Weaknesses in Catholic Church
• Administrative Divisions
• Competing Popes (Avignon, Rome and more)
• Proliferation of Questionable Religious Rituals
  and Practices
• Pilgrimages, saint worship, endowment of masses

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Causes of the Reformation

• Corruption and Abuses of Power in Church
• Sale of Indulgences (certificates of remission
  from purgatory) and other forms of forgiveness
• Simony (selling of church offices)

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Early Reformers

• John Wycliffe
• Savonarola
• Jan Hus

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John Wycliffe

• Reputation as an English patriot
• Bible Scholar
• Summa Theologiae
• Attacked temporal role of the church
• His fundamental belief was that the Church should
  be poor

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Savonarola

• Political revolution
• renew religion and morality
• Bonfires of the vanities
• Guiding spirit of Republic of Florence

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Jan Hus

• Learned of Wycliffes works
• Called for reform
• substance and spirit of the Gospel
• Opposition to Indulgences
• Council of Constance

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The Great Reformers

• Martin Luther
• John Calvin

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Martin Luther

• Augustinian Monk
• became monk to save his soul
• Taught at University of Wittenberg
• Question
• How could anyone love a God who is a consuming
  fire?

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Martin Luther

• 95 Theses
• objected to indulgences
• object of the expenditure
• denied powers of pope over purgatory
• welfare of the sinner
• Predestination (Single)
• Augustinian background
• core point of the Reformation

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Martin Luther

• Sole Fide, Sole Scriptura, Sola Gratia
• Diet of Worms
• The Peasants Revolt
• War
• Peace of Augsburg
• Cuius regio, eius religio

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John Calvin

• Swiss Reformer
• Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Predestination (Double)
• core of his beliefs
• Geneva
• Theocracy
• Presbyterians

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Secular Reformers

• Henry VIII
• broke with Catholic Church
• initial issue was Henrys divorce
• Catherine of Aragon
• Anne Boleyn
• Elizabeth I

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Catholic Reformers

• Ignatius Loyola
• Spiritual Exercises
• day by day plan
• meditation, prayer, study
• Compared physical and spiritual exercise
• Founded Jesuits

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Jesuits

• Founded superb schools
• Trained in classical studies and religion
• Converted non-Christians
• Missionaries
• Stop the spread of Protestantism

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Council of Trent

• Churchs interpretation of the Bible was final
• Faith and good works needed for salvation
• Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith