Professionalism

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Professionalism Personal Skills

• Facilitation Tools
• Cause Effect Diagrams

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Cause Effect Diagrams

• A technique for identifying possible causes
  affecting a problem.
• They are sometimes called Fishbone Diagrams
  (because of they have the appearance of the
  skeleton of a fish) or Ishikawa diagrams (after
  their developer Dr. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa)

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Cause and Effect Diagrams

• Are used to
• define a problem
• identify data requirements
• develop objectives for solutions
• narrow down causes

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Cause Effect Diagrams

• Why Use them?
• problems often unmanageable
• in cause and effect analysis they get dealt with
  in small chunks
• allows us to get ideas down on paper or
  whiteboard or in any written form so that we can
  put our thoughts in order

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How to Use Cause Effect Diagrams

• First identify the problem or effect you want to
  investigate
• Write the problem in a box on the right hand side
  of a large sheet of paper this is the head of
  the fish then
• draw a line across the paper horizontally from
  the box, this is the spine, this gives you
  space to develop ideas

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How to Construct Cause Effect Diagrams

• Work out the major factors which might contribute
  to the problem
• draw lines off the spine for each factor and
  label them, these are the bones
• if you are solving the problem as part of a group
  this may be a good time for brainstorming
• factors might be, for example, people, systems,
  equipment, materials, external forces and so on.

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Problem Plus Factors
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
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Identify Possible Causes

• Identify possible causes
• for each factor identify or brainstorm possible
  causes that may be related to the factor
• show these as smaller lines coming off the
  bones of the fish
• where a cause is large or complex, then it may be
  best to break it down into sub-causes
• show these as lines coming off each cause line.

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Problem Plus Factors Plus Causes
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Example stage 1
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Example stage 2
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Activity 7.1
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The Relations Diagram

• The relations diagram
• studies relationships of causes
• identifies principal causes
• discovers root causes
• forces questioning of relationships
• involves a team
• The relations diagram
• takes some time to prepare
• not ideal for a large team

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The Relations Diagram

• state the central problem by writing it in the
  middle of a whiteboard or large piece of paper
• team writes causes of central problem in
  positions around the central problem
• ask the question why?
• prepare a second layer of causes by asking why
  each of the causes happens
• repeat the process for each layer until ideas run
  out
• draw arrows to show which causes lead to results,
  which in turn cause other results
• look for the causes with the most arrows coming
  out of them. These are the key contributors or
  causes.

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The Relations Diagram
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The Relations Diagram
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Activity 7.2