Developing professional CCTV solutions...

1
Developing professional CCTV solutions...
2
Principles of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
3
An Introduction to CCTV
Course Objectives-

• Focusing on the key elements of CCTV from
  components to application
• Identifying opportunities to sell CCTV
• Analysing a customers requirements and
  specifying a basic system
• Understand the features/functions/benefits of a
  CCTV system and its components gt

4
An Introduction to CCTV
Training Programme Outline 1. What is a CCTV
System?
2. CCTV Principles Basic System Components
Cameras Lenses Other related equipment
Digital Video Recorders (DVRs)
3. Considerations of product specification
4. CCTV Application Benefits to the
customer Benefits to the installation
company Qualification of the customer gt
5
1. What is a CCTV system?
A Closed Circuit Television (or CCTV) system is
used for visual (and frequently audio) monitoring
and recording events in a defined area gt
6
1. What is a CCTV system?

• Generally categorised for the following
  requirements
• Deter criminal activity
• Assist in the detection of crime
• To instil confidence in staff/visitors/customers
  that they are in a safe and secure area
• Provide management intelligence for health
  safety or commercial use gt

7
1. What is a CCTV system?
CCTV Systems can be used in a wide variety of
ways such as
Intruder verification Incident recording
Response management (eg. Retail) Crowd
monitoring General surveillance Manufacture
process monitoring Till monitoring Fraud
counter-measures gt
8
Did you know?

• There are more than 26 million CCTV cameras
  installed world wide
• More than 4 million installed in the UK gt

9
2. CCTV Principles
Basic Components of a CCTV System (Analogue) Old
style system with analogue video recording from a
multiplexer. Usually a maximum of 16 cameras per
system
10
2. CCTV Principles
Basic Components of a CCTV System (Analogue) Old
style system with analogue video recording
through a quad. A maximum of 4 cameras per system.
11
2. CCTV Principles
Basic Components of a System (Digital) New style
system using a DVR to digitally record and
playback, usually up to 16 cameras. No
multiplexer or quad is required as the DVR
performs these functions, amongst others.
12
2. CCTV Principles
The Camera Typical front view
Lens Mount (C or CS type)
Focal Length Adjustment Ring
CCD Chip
13
2. CCTV Principles
The Camera Typical side view
Iris Level
Direct Drive Lens connection
Control / Special Feature Settings
Phase Adjustment
14
2. CCTV Principles
The Camera Typical rear view
Video out (Uses BNC connection)
Audio Out
Low voltage power connection
15
2. CCTV Principles
The Camera - CDD Image Sensor (Charged-Coupled
Device)
A group of optical detector integrated
circuits Light is sensed by individual
photo-diodes (rows columns of which
pixels) Pixels develop a charge proportional
to the light level, which are then processed by
the cameras electronics gt
16
Camera Types
17
Light Levels

• A cameras sensitivity is the minimum amount of
  light required for the camera to function
  effectively
• Sensitivity is usually measured in LUX

18
Light Levels
Light level can vary enormously throughout the
day and, therefore, the correct choice of camera
sensitivity for any given time usage is essential
Crescent Moon LUX 0.10.01
Full Moon LUX 10.1
Overcast LUX 100001000
End of Twilight LUX 1 0.1
Sunset LUX 10010
Starry Night LUX 1 0.1
Street Light LUX 53
Twilight LUX 51
Sunny Day LUX 1 0.1
19
Resolution

• - TVL stands for television lines
• The measure of resolution of either a camera
  output or a monitor display
• The greater number of vertical TVL, the better
  the picture resolution

Colour 480540 TVL High320450 TVL
Mediumlt320 Low
Monochrome 480540TVL High320450 TVL
Mediumlt320 Low gt
20
Resolution
21
Backlight Compensation (BLC)
Camera function which compensates for excessive
light directed at the camera causing video to
bloom or image in front of light to be unusable
22
Peak White Inversion
Camera function changing white parts of images
(eg. Highlights) above a set threshold, to black
or a shade of grey. Therefore, the image
becomes more usable when bright light is shining
into the camera gt
23
Lenses

• There are 3 main types of CCTV camera lens
• Fixed Focal Length (The focal length of the lens
  cannot be altered)
• Varifocal Length (manual zoom length)
• Motorised Zoom (Focal length can be
  automatically adjusted using, for example, a
  keyboard controller or DVR) gt

24
Lenses
Angle of View
The greater the focal length, the smaller the
angle of view therefore the image viewed will be
larger gt
25
Lenses
Angle of View For example, the following pictures
were all taken by the same camera, but the focal
length of the lens was different for each picture
26
Lenses
Iris Control Methods
Auto Iris - Features integral circuitry which
will vary the size of lens aperture according to
changes in light Direct Drive - Lens control
circuitry is within the camera, rather than the
lens (Direct Drive specific lenses and cameras
required) Fixed/Manual Iris - No electronic
control over the iris gt
27
Monitor
Monitors to view the pictures from the camera
come in a number of types and sizes
The standard input from the DVR to the monitor
is BNC gt
28
Camera Housing
Camera housings are designed to protect the
camera from weather, dust, vandalism, damage, etc
Types of Housings
IP rated Weather Proof Vandal
Resistant With or without brackets With or
without internal heaters Wash Wipe gt
29
Camera Housing

• IP ratings are a measure of resistance to the
  penetration of solid objects (e.g. dust) and
  liquids (e.g. rain!)
• A product considered to be weatherproof
  would have a rating of IP65 and above
• IP stands for Ingress Protection
• The first number (in this case 6) is the
  protection against solids (06, 6 being
  dustproof)
• The second number (in this case 5) is the
  protection against liquid (08, 8 being protected
  against constant submersion )gt

30
Camera/Housing Power Supplies
Cameras and housings with heaters will require
power, mains or low voltage depending upon the
product you have chosen. Where low voltage
PSUs are required there are various
choices. 24v AV 500MA up to 4A 12v DC 750MA up
to 4A gt
31
Camera Brackets
As mentioned in the housing section, the housing
if it does not come with one, will need a
bracket. This also means that if the camera is
not being installed in a housing then it will
need a bracket. A full range can be found in the
catalogue. gt
32
Other Peripheral Equipment
Other equipment which needs to be considered as
part of a CCTV system, which may or may not be
required Lighting Control Equipment gt
33
Digital Video Recording
34
Digital Video Recording
Early CCTV systems used analogue time-lapse
VCRs CCTV systems now use DVRs (Digital Video
Recorders) with a huge range of benefits over
old analogue technology Many existing
installations, therefore, are upgrading their
recording system from analogue VCR to DVR gt
35
Traditional Analogue VCR System
This is an example of a 4 camera VCR system using
a quad switcher gt
36
Digital Video Recording
The benefits of DVRs
Digital image quality No need for tapes
(changing / storage of) Fast, easy image search
retrieval Remote viewing control
capabilities Never stops recording Up to 400
images per second (IPS) record rate Up to 1.5TB
storage Easily providing in excess of 31 days
storage Less mechanical components to service gt
37
Digital Video Recording
A typical DVR system featuring 4 cameras and
remote viewing gt
38
Digital Video Recording
Main factors for consideration in choosing the
correct DVR
Number of cameras Record rate (images per
second) HDD size (amount of data
storage) Remote viewing / control Fixed /
Mobile Data transfer / storage media formats gt
39
Digital Video Recording
Choosing recording frame rate
Each DVR has a maximum IPS rate (100, 200,
400) The IPS rate is normally divided by the
number of channels ie. 400 IPS, 16 channel
recorder would record _at_ 25 IPS per camera High
quality DVRs allow control of IPS rate per
camera channel gt
40
Digital Video Recording
The selection of record rate for a camera should
be based upon the viewed application each camera
in a system may require a differing IPS
rate. Views where fast moving objects are
required to be captured, such as vehicles, may
need higher rates to ensure capture of number
plates. gt
41
Digital Video Recording
How long does the customer require to retain the
images/video on the DVR?
Record duration is the data lifetime of the
recorded images / video on the DVR Data
lifetime will be determined by customers
specific requirements and rules of the Data
Protection Act Longer data lifetimes require
larger HDD space gt
42
Digital Video Recording
Estimating record duration, the following all
need to be considered
Number of camera channels Hard Drive
size IPS rate Compression type (Use
Recording Capacities Calculators in the EverFocus
catalogue/website) gt
43
Digital Video Recording
Multiplex (Simultaneous functionality)
Simplex The ability to record or playback but
not at the same time. For live view it is only
possible to see a single camera on the monitor,
multiple camera view is possible during
playback. Duplex The ability to record and
playback simultaneously. Multiple live screen is
possible. However, the monitor will only display
live images or recorded images. Triplex The
ability to record and playback simultaneously.
Multiple live screen is possible and unlike
Duplex operation the monitor will display both
live images and recorded images simultaneously. gt
44
Camera View Considerations
Angle of view Internal or external Static
or PTZ Colour or Monochrome High or Low
resolution Available / Changing light
levels Site orientation Power
availability Data Protection Act gt
45
Which camera option best meets the customers
needs?
Sensitive to infrared lights
Does not work with infrared lights
46
Which camera option best meets the customers
needs?
Where colour cameras are used, the scene would
need to be lit at night
Works 24 hours a day, works with infrared
Does not work at low light levels as a dedicated
Mono camera gt
Where mono cameras are used, it does not need as
much light, but is a less flexible solution
47
Which camera option best meets the customers
needs?
48
Other Considerations for Camera Choice
Low voltage or mains power (are heaters being
used with external housings?) Level of camera
resolution Available light level? gt
49
Moving Cameras PTZ / Speed Dome
PTZ stands for Pan/Tilt/Zoom
Viewing monitor
Video Signals
PTZ Speed Domes
Telemetry Transmitter
Telemetry Receiver
DVR
Telemetry Signals
50
Alarm Inputs
Alarm Inputs send telemetry signals via the DVR
to automatically control / preset camera
position, record rate, image resolution,
etc Alarm Inputs triggered via External
detection devices PIRs Panic Button Access
Control Equipment gt
51
Infrared Lamps
Lamps are usually Tungsten Heat generated by
the bulbs wasted energy Aluminium-plated
reflector Short life High power consumption /
High cost of ownership Range various angles
Wide / Medium / Narrow gt
52
Infrared LED
Use solid state technology Long life Better
performance efficiency Gold-plated
reflector Low power consumption Need IR
sensitive cameras Range 10 60 / 20m
175m gt
53
Target Viewing Size
A CCTV system is generally used for one of the
following reasons
Monitoring Control
Detection
Recognition
Identification
54
What are the benefits to the sales person
promoting CCTV?
Additional sales applications Customer
loyalty Link sales 1 stop shop Referrals gt
55
Important System Design Questions
There are two very important questions to ask the
customer who has requested a CCTV system
What do you want to see? Why do you want to
see it? The response to these questions defines
the customers need and will give you the
foundation to further qualify the customer in
order to propose a system that will meet their
needs. gt
56
Developing professional CCTV solutions...
57
Data Protection Act (DPA)
58
Data Protection Act (DPA)
Under the DPA, we need to consider how we
design, install and operate CCTV systems There
are 8 core principles covering personal
data There are 5 areas directly affected by
these principles gt
59
The 8 Core Principles
These require that personal data shall be
1. Fairly lawfully processed 2. Processed for
limited purpose 3. Adequate, relevant and not
excessive 4. Accurate 5. Not kept for longer than
is necessary 6. Processed in accordance with the
data subjects rights DPA 1998 7. Secure 8. Not
transferred to countries outside of the European
Economic Area, without adequate protection gt
60
The 5 Areas
The 5 areas of CCTV design, installation and
operation that are directly affected by the need
to uphold these principles
1. Registration 2. Signage 3. System
Design 4. Recording 5. Security gt
61
Registration
For most organisations, registration means adding
an entry to an already existing registration, to
cover the CCTV system and providing a document
that clearly states the following
The subject of the surveillance (what the
camera is looking at) Its purpose (such as
crime reduction or monitoring of staff) The
person(s) responsible for processing data All
persons with access to the system Registration
fee of 35.00 per year gt
62
Signage
It is a requirement that appropriately sized and
positioned notices are erected, that will be seen
by people entering the surveillance area. The Act
also requires that signage should clearly state 3
things 1. The identity of the person or
organisation responsible for the scheme 2. The
purpose(s) of the scheme 3. Details of who to
contact regarding the scheme gt
63
Design
A key data protection principle is that the use
of data should be adequate, relevant and not
excessive. A key requirement of the Human Rights
Act is the protection of personal privacy. The
following should be considered
1. The number of cameras and camera angles should
be adequate for the purpose, but not
excessive. 2. The positioning of the cameras
should respect personal privacy in adjoining
buildings, through the appropriate use of
physical screens and privacy zones. 3. The
quality of images captured must be sufficiently
clear to achieve the purpose of the scheme. gt
64
Recording
There are four Data Protection issues to be taken
into account regarding the recorded CCTV images
1. Traceability 2. Retention 3. Access 4. Privacy
All images must be fully traceable, with the
date time of recording, recording device
medium and the person responsible Recordings
used for evidence must be documented in a
suitable log Why, by whom and where they are
being moved to gt
65
Recording contd
Currently 31 days is seen as good practice for
keeping images An organisation may only charge
a maximum of 10.00 per application to undertake
a search of their recorded images. (The cost of
providing the means to view it maybe much
more) Images being disclosed to a third party
(the media) must have identities disguised or
blurred gt
66
Security
Data security is a key data protection principal.
Is the equipment secure with restricted
access? This covers the physical security and the
electronic security of the system. Where tapes
are used, they should be stored in lockable
cabinets with access restricted by means of a
written log Where digital images are retained
on the hard drive of the operating system,
access to the system should be restricted gt
67
Penalties
Up to 5000 fine in Magistrates Court
Unlimited fine in the Crown Court Unlimited
claim for compensation in a civil action if an
individual suffers damage as a result of DPA by
the Data Controller Evidential video data may
be weakened in court if recorded on an
unregistered CCTV system gt
68
Links
There are websites providing further information
regarding the DPA listed below
69
Any Questions?
70
Developing professional CCTV solutions...
THANK YOU